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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

define encoding

A

turning sensory input into an electrochemical memory trace that can be stored in the brain

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2
Q

what are the 3 main types of encoding?

A

acoustic, visual, and semantic

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3
Q

what is acoustic encoding

A

Holding sound information

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4
Q

what is semantic encoding

A

Holding the meaning of information

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5
Q

what is visual encoding

A

Holding the visual information

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6
Q

define processing

A

The operations that are performed on sensory

information in the brain

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7
Q

define input

A

The sensory information that is received from the environment

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8
Q

define storage

A

The retention of information in the memory storage system (in the brain)

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9
Q

define capacity

A

The amount of information that can be stored

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10
Q

define duration

A

The length of time information can be held in the memory store

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11
Q

what are the two main types of memory store for information within the brain?

A

long-term memory (LTM) & short-term memory (STM)

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12
Q

what is the LTM

A

a (potentially) permanent store of information.

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13
Q

what is the STM

A

a temporary store of information.

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14
Q

What is the capacity of STM

A

Miller suggested 7+/-2 pieces of information (means 5-9 pieces of information where most can hold about 7).

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15
Q

what is the capacity of LTM

A

is potentially unlimited - it would be impossible to test.

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16
Q

what is the duration of STM, without rehearsal

A

lasts for about 20 seconds

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17
Q

what is the duration of LTM

A

can last anywhere from a few minutes to a lifetime.

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18
Q

define rehearsal

A

When information is repeated over and over to keep it in the memory.

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19
Q

what type of encoding does STM usually use

A

acoustic

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20
Q

what type of encoding does LTM usually use

A

semantically - This is a deeper form of encoding.

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21
Q

what is displacement

A

where new information pushes out (displaces) old information when the limited capacity of STM is exceeded

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22
Q

how do people forget in LTM

A

Some memories may decay if the memory is never used. Others may be overwritten or changed by new information. This is called interference

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23
Q

what is displacement

A

where new information pushes out (displaces) old information when the limited capacity of STM is exceeded

24
Q

what is a model

A

A model does not mean an exact copy of the thing being described. It is a representation of how it works.

25
Q

what is a model based on

A

available evidence (e.g. findings from lab experiments, case studies).

26
Q

who suggested that memory is made up of 3 stores

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

27
Q

who suggested that memory is made up of 3 stores

A

Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)

28
Q

what did Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggest about memory

A

that memory is made up of 3 stores & that each store is different and information moves from one store to another in a fixed, linear sequence.

29
Q

what did Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) suggest about memory

A

that memory is made up of 3 stores & that each store is different and information moves from one store to another in a fixed, linear sequence.

30
Q

what is the sensory register

A

the store that receives all of the information around us and holds it briefly.

31
Q

define attention

A

focus on only certain sensory information

32
Q

what happens if attention is paid to stimuli in the sensory register

A

it passes into short-term memory.

33
Q

what happens if attention is not paid to stimuli in the sensory register

A

it decays quickly.

34
Q

true or false: It is believed we have a sensory register

for each of our senses.

A

true

35
Q

what is the sensory register for sound information and how long does it last

A

echoic - lasts a couple of seconds before it decays

36
Q

what is the sensory register for visual information and how long does it last

A

iconic - lasts for a second before it decays

37
Q

what is the sensory register for tactile sensory memories procured via the sense of touch through sensory receptors and how long does it last

A

haptic - for about two seconds.

38
Q

draw the MSM of memory

A

does it look like this - https://o.quizlet.com/QGX5-lhNzHoWArjeTKJVqg_b.jpg

39
Q

what are two examples of supporting research for the MSM of memory

A
  1. Baddeley (1966) - tend to mix up acoustically similar words when using STMs and mix up semantically similar words when using LTMs. 2. HM removed hippocampus to relieve his epilepsy. When his memory was assessed in 1955 (31), he thought it was 1953 & he was 27. His LTM was tested many times but never improved with practice. However, he performed well on tests of immediate memory span (a test of STM).
40
Q

what are two examples of undermining research for the MSM of memory

A
  1. Shallice & Warrington (1970) studied a patient with amnesia - KF. found his STM for digits was very poor when they read aloud to him, but recall much better when able to read them to himself. Further
    studies suggest there could be another STMs for non-verbal sounds. 2. According to MSM, the amount of rehearsal matters. Craik & Watkins (1973) found there are 2 main types: maintain rehearsal (as described in MSM) and elaborative rehearsal - needed to transfer information from STM to LTM.
41
Q

what is elaborative rehearsal

A

when information is linked into existing knowledge, or you think about what it means.

42
Q

how did Baddeley (1966)’s research support MSM

A

supports that coding in STM and LTM is semantic, which supports the view that these two memory stores are unitary and qualitatively different. Counterargument: this research relied on artificial stimuli which had no real meaning to participants. Therefore, we should be cautious about generalising the findings. so, the research isn’t particularly strong support for MSM as we can’t determine that coding is different between STM and LTM with meaningful information.

43
Q

how did the HM case study support MSM

A

supports that STM and LTM are two unitary stores that are qualitatively different. may even be stored in different parts of the brain. Counterargument: however, the research was a unique case study of a brain damaged individual. so, isn’t particularly strong support for MSM as results may not be generalisable

44
Q

how did Shallice & Warrington (1970)’s research undermine MSM

A

research suggests that there must be at least one short-term store to process visual information and one to process auditory information, which undermines the unitary store of STM proposed by the MSM. The working memory model includes these separate stores of STM.

45
Q

how did Craik & Watkins (1973)’s research undermine MSM

A

This is a serious limitation of the MSM because it is another research finding that cannot be explained by the model.

46
Q

what did the murdock (1962) study discover

A

the serial position effect.

47
Q

what is the serial position effect.

A

the tendency to recall more words at the beginning (primacy) and end (recency) of a word list.

48
Q

how did murdock 91962) explain the serial position effect

A

the primacy effect occurs because words at the beginning have been rehearsed and transferred into LTM. The recency effect is the result of the words still being held in STM. There is not enough time to rehearse the middle words enough before they were displaced.

49
Q

what is amnesia

A

a condition characterised by forgetting or memory loss.

50
Q

when does amnesia usually occur

A

usually following brain trauma (some kind of damage to the brain – accident, disease or injury).

51
Q

what is anterograde amnesia

A

A memory condition that means long-term memories cannot be made. Typically caused by injury to the brain.

52
Q

what are the symptoms of anterograde amnesia

A

The patient has difficulty in remembering and learning new things

53
Q

define retrograde amnesia

A

A memory condition that affects recall of memories from before damage to the brain.

54
Q

what are the symptoms of retrograde amnesia

A

The patient loses memories from before the damage. This may be a specific memory (for example, the traumatic incident that caused the damage), or could be limited to a specific time frame. In severe cases, patients can forget who they are and where they come from. It is possible for people with this kind of amnesia to retain some or all of their lost memory.

55
Q

Identify the form of amnesia that H.M. suffered from

A

anterograde amnesia (‘he forgot any news item as soon as he had read about it’) and retrograde amnesia (‘he was not able to recall any events in the few years leading up to his surgery’)

56
Q

Damage to which part of H.M.’s brain appears to be responsible for his difficulties?

A

the hippocampus

Psychology (11 decks)

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