Memory

Question 1

Bizarreness effect

Answer 1

Bizarre material is better remembered than common material.

Question 2

Choice-supportive bias

Answer 2

The tendency to remember one’s choices as better than they actually were.

Question 3

Conservatism or Regressive bias

Answer 3

Tendency to remember high values and high likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies as lower than they actually were and low ones as higher than they actually were. Based on the evidence, memories are not extreme enough.

Question 4

Consistency bias

Answer 4

Incorrectly remembering one’s past attitudes and behavior as resembling present attitudes and behavior.

Question 5

Context effect

Answer 5

That cognition and memory are dependent on context, such that out-of-context memories are more difficult to retrieve than in-context memories (e.g., recall time and accuracy for a work-related memory will be lower at home, and vice versa).

Question 6

Cross-race effect

Answer 6

The tendency for people of one race to have difficulty identifying members of a race other than their own.

Question 7

Cryptomnesia

Answer 7

A form of misattribution where a memory is mistaken for imagination, because there is no subjective experience of it being a memory.

Question 8

Egocentric bias

Answer 8

Recalling the past in a self-serving manner, e.g., remembering one’s exam grades as being better than they were, or remembering a caught fish as bigger than it really was.

Question 9

Fading affect bias

Answer 9

A bias in which the emotion associated with unpleasant memories fades more quickly than the emotion associated with positive events.

Question 10

False memory

Answer 10

A form of misattribution where imagination is mistaken for a memory.

Question 11

Generation effect

Answer 11

That self-generated information is remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall memories of statements that they have generated than similar statements generated by others.

Question 12

Google effect

Answer 12

The tendency to forget information that can be found readily online by using Internet search engines.

Question 13

Humor effect

Answer 13

That humorous items are more easily remembered than non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing time to understand the humor, or the emotional arousal caused by the humor.

Question 14

Lag effect

Answer 14

The phenomenon whereby learning is greater when studying is spread out over time, as opposed to studying the same amount of time in a single session.

Question 15

Leveling and sharpening

Answer 15

Memory distortions introduced by the loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details or aspects of the experience lost through leveling.

Question 16

Levels-of-processing effect

Answer 16

That different methods of encoding information into memory have different levels of effectiveness.

Question 17

List-length effect

Answer 17

A smaller percentage of items are remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as well.

Question 18

Misinformation effect

Answer 18

Memory becoming less accurate because of interference from post-event information.

Question 19

Modality effect

Answer 19

That memory recall is higher for the last items of a list when the list items were received via speech than when they were received through writing.

Question 20

Mood-congruent memory bias

Answer 20

The improved recall of information congruent with one’s current mood.

Question 21

Negativity bias

Answer 21

Psychological phenomenon by which humans have a greater recall of unpleasant memories compared with positive memories.

Question 22

Next-in-line effect

Answer 22

When taking turns speaking in a group using a predetermined order (e.g. going clockwise around a room, taking numbers, etc.) people tend to have diminished recall for the words of the person who spoke immediately before them.

Question 23

Part-list cueing effect

Answer 23

That being shown some items from a list and later retrieving one item causes it to become harder to retrieve the other items.

Question 24

Peak–end rule

Answer 24

That people seem to perceive not the sum of an experience but the average of how it was at its peak (e.g., pleasant or unpleasant) and how it ended.

Question 25

Picture superiority effect

Answer 25

The notion that concepts that are learned by viewing pictures are more easily and frequently recalled than are concepts that are learned by viewing their written word form counterparts.

Question 26

Socioemotional selectivity theory

Answer 26

That older adults favor positive over negative information in their memories.

Question 27

Serial position effect

Answer 27

That items near the end of a sequence are the easiest to recall, followed by the items at the beginning of a sequence; items in the middle are the least likely to be remembered.

Question 28

Processing difficulty effect

Answer 28

That information that takes longer to read and is thought about more (processed with more difficulty) is more easily remembered.

Question 29

Reminiscence bump

Answer 29

The recalling of more personal events from adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other lifetime periods.

Question 30

Self-relevance effect

Answer 30

That memories relating to the self are better recalled than similar information relating to others.

Question 31

Source confusion

Answer 31

Confusing episodic memories with other information, creating distorted memories.

Question 32

Spacing effect

Answer 32

That information is better recalled if exposure to it is repeated over a long span of time rather than a short one.

Question 33

Spotlight effect

Answer 33

The tendency to overestimate the amount that other people notice your appearance or behavior.

Question 34

Stereotype bias

Answer 34

Memory distorted towards stereotypes (e.g., racial or gender).

Question 35

Suffix effect

Answer 35

Diminishment of the recency effect because a sound item is appended to the list that the subject is not required to recall.

Question 36

Suggestibility

Answer 36

A form of misattribution where ideas suggested by a questioner are mistaken for memory.

Question 37

Tachypsychia

Answer 37

When time perceived by the individual either lengthens, making events appear to slow down, or contracts.

Question 38

Telescoping effect

Answer 38

The tendency to displace recent events backwards in time and remote events forward in time, so that recent events appear more remote, and remote events, more recent.

Question 39

Testing effect

Answer 39

The fact that you more easily remember information you have read by rewriting it instead of rereading it.

Question 40

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 40

When a subject is able to recall parts of an item, or related information, but is frustratingly unable to recall the whole item.

Question 41

Travis Syndrome

Answer 41

Overestimating the significance of the present.

Question 42

Verbatim effect

Answer 42

That the “gist” of what someone has said is better remembered than the verbatim wording.

Question 43

von Restorff effect

Answer 43

That an item that sticks out is more likely to be remembered than other items.