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MEMORIZE Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

converting units

A

KING (K)
HENRY (H)
DIED (D)
.
DRINKING (d)
CHOCOLATE (C)
MILK (m)
MEN (u)
NEVER LISTEN (n)
-
kilo 10^-3
hecto 10^-2
deka 10^-1
.
deci 10^1
centi 10^2
milli 10^3
micro 10^6
nano 10^9

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2
Q

arginine pkA/pI

A

side chain: 12.5
carb: 2
amine: 9.5
pI: 10.8

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3
Q

aspartic acid/aspartate pKa/pI

A

side chain: 3.9
carb: 2
amine: 9.5
pI: 3

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4
Q

cysteine pKa/pI

A

side chain: 8.3
carb: 2
amine: 9.5
pI: 5

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5
Q

glutamic acid pKa/pI

A

side chain: 4.3
carb: 2
amine: 9.5
pI: 3.2

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6
Q

histidine pKa/pI

A

side chain: 6
carb: 2
amine: 9.5
pI: 7.6

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7
Q

lysine pKa/pI

A

side chain: 10.5
carb: 2
amine: 9.5
pI: 9.8

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8
Q

tyrosine pKa/pI

A

side chain: 10.1
carb: 2
amine: 9.5
pI: 5.7

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9
Q

amino acids with pKa>7

A

(Ricky)
RCKY

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10
Q

which amino acids have a side chain charge (mnemonic)

A

DRY HECK (plus carb and amine)

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11
Q

amino acids with pKa<7

A

(duh)
DEH

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12
Q

lens four way chart cheat sheet and what does positive or negative mean?

A

…………….lens……………….mirrors
concave..diverging (-)……converging (+)
convex….converging (+)..diverging (-)

POSITIVE = REAL IMAGE (focal length is positive)

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13
Q

in gas liquid chromatography, what is the first peak to emerge

A

LEAST polar, MOST volatile (only has london dispersion forces holding it together)

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14
Q

ratio schedule

A

person is reinforced after a given ratio of occurrences.

Bob gets praise after completing 3 pieces of work

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15
Q

interval schedule

A

person is reinforced in specific time intervals

Bob is reinforced one every five minutes working on his project

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16
Q

FIXED ratio or interval schedule

A

Bob is reinforced after every three pieces of work

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17
Q

VARIABLE ratio or interval schedule

A

Bob is reinforced after every 3-7 pieces of work

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18
Q

james long mnemonic

A

a before e = action before emtion

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19
Q

canon bard mnemonic

A

two birds with one stone = simultaneously

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20
Q

Schacter singer

A

sense stimulus then solve (emotion)

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21
Q

enantiomer vs diastereomer

A

enantiomer=mirror image = all chiral centers are different

diastereomer= nonmirror image=some chiral centers are different
- epimer is only one changed

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22
Q

enhancer, promoter, co-repressor and activator

A

enhancer and promoter are DNA regions, basically the same thing but promoters are at the start and enhancers can be anywhere

corepressor and activators are proteins, bind to promoters to stop or start transcription respectively

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23
Q

meso compound

A

molecule with chiral centers but overall achiral bc you can split in half somewhere within the molecule

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24
Q

positive vs negative
reinforcement vs punishment

A

adding vs removing
encourage behavior vs discourage behavior

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25
Q

positive vs negative
reinforcement vs punishment

A

adding vs removing
encourage behavior vs discourage behavior

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26
Q

what is the only monosynaptic reflex arc

A

patellar tendon

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27
Q

prokaryotes dont have

A

introns

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28
Q

mnemonic for possible images

A

UV and IR = ultraviolet and infrared, the lights surrounding visible light = upright virtual and inverted real

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29
Q

sin0deg and sin90deg

A

sin0deg = 0
sin90deg = 1

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30
Q

cos0deg and cos90deg

A

cos0deg=1
cos90deg=0

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31
Q

C to K

A

C+273 = K

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32
Q

how to calculate -log of a random number

ex: -log(5.7x10^-7)

A
  1. take exponent, make positive, subtract 1. -7=7-1=6
  2. Use number to approximate the decimal using table:
    1.0=1
    2.0=0.69
    3.0=0.52
    4.0=0.39
    5.0=0.30
    6.0=0.22
    7.0=0.15
    8.0=0.09
    9.0=0.04

5.7 = 6ish = .22ish

  1. Combine for final answer. 6.22 ish
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33
Q

how to calculate logs normally

logX= A

A

10^A=X

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34
Q

determining amino acid charge with pH, pKa, and pI

A

pH > pKa = group is deprotonated (NH2/COO-) NEGATIVE

pH < pKa = group is protonated (NH3+/COOH) POSITIVE

pH=pI = AMINO ACID CHARGE IS 0

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35
Q

glucose (carbs) are ususally D or L? AND D/L mnemonic

A

D

D= derecho = OH on right
L=left = OH on left

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36
Q

OIL RIG works for

A

electrons AND hydrogen

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37
Q

alpha and beta glucose, and glycosidic bonds

A

alpha: OH down
beta: OH up

alpha: both have same stereochem (both OH down or up)

beta: different stereochem (OH down and up)

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38
Q

Ribose

A

ribose is all right

5 carbon monosacc with OHs all on the right

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39
Q

d-glucose

A

middle finger (eff glucose)

6 carbon monosacc with middle finger orientation of OH (middle finger being on the left)

40
Q

d-mannose

A

man with a gun

6 carbon monosacc with gun finger orientation of OHs (two OH on each side)

41
Q

d galactose

A

star trek

6 carbon monosacc with the rock in roll orientation of OH ( right left left right)

42
Q

fructose

A

ketose of glucose

same as glucose except top carbon is CH2OH

43
Q

kinase vs phosphorylase vs phosphatase

A

kinAse: Adds phosphate by breaking ATP to ADP

phosphorylase = adds phosphate

phosphoraTase= takes away phosphate

44
Q

object distance (d0) is always

A

positive

45
Q

mirrors and lens di (image distance)

A

image and object sandwich mirror: image distance di is negative

image and object on same side of mirror: image distance di is positive

46
Q

wavelengths of light in order

A

UV visible IR
UV: 200-400 nm (near UV), 90-200 (far UV)
visible: 400-760 nm (purple to red)
IR: 760+

47
Q

disulfide bridges happen between

A

TWO CYSTEINES

48
Q

capacitors in parallel

A

capADDitors in parallel are added

49
Q

INside I am ILL

A

in=en = endoderm
intestines, liver, lungs

50
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic atp

A

aerobic: 32
anaerobic: 2

51
Q

big Ka or Kb means

A

strong acid or base respectively

52
Q

amu =

A

molar mass on periodic table.

53
Q

acetylation

A

add C=O

54
Q

positively or negatively charged substances

A

are very hydrophilic

55
Q

pH of 10 means

A

[H30+] = 10^-10 M
[OH-] = 10^-4

[H3O+] × [OH–] = 10–14 for aqueous solutions at 25°C

56
Q

heme =

A

porphyrin = 5 membered ring with N

57
Q

pK

A

is the pH at which the fraction of folded DNA is 0.5

58
Q

cation-exchange column only binds to

A

positively charged proteins, which only occurs when the pH is less than the pI.

59
Q

Hz =

A

1/s

60
Q

If reaction is spontaneous (deltaG<0) Keq is

A

Keq>1

61
Q

acetylation

A

=transcription is a go

62
Q

starving

A

get energy from fat - fatty acid oxidation - ketone bodies

63
Q

restriction enzymes

A

have to be palendromic, same things backwards and forwards

64
Q

lactone/lactonization

A

cyclic ester

65
Q

buffers

A

buffer has a buffering capacity that is ±1 pH unit away from the pKa

66
Q

keto and enol

A

keto : C=O
enol: C-OH
enol rhymes with alcohol

67
Q

lineweaver burk graphs

A

competitive: different X, same Y
uncompetitive: never cross
noncompetitive: sa e X, different Y

68
Q

tRNA

A

A to P to E on ribosomal subunit

access, processing, exit

69
Q

ribosome subunits

A

eukaryotic: 60s and 40s, usually 80s

prokaryotic: 50s and 30s, usually 70s

70
Q

glucagon and insulin

A

LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE
starving -> pancreas alpha releases glucagon -> liver releases glucose into blood (gluconeogenesis)
(osmolarity in plasma goes up)

HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE
eating/full/excess glucose -> pancreas beta releases insulin -> fat cells take in glucose from blood (glycolysis)
(osmolarity in plasma goes down)

71
Q

hormones for hunger

A

come from INTESTINE to BRAIN

ghrelin: gremlin for food (releases when you’re hungry)

Leptin: Lose weight (releases when you’re full on LIPIDS)

insulin: releases when you’re full on glucose

orexin: makes you hungry and awake, brown adipose tissue regulation

72
Q

1 amino acid is

A

3 nucleotides

73
Q

euchromatin and heterochromatin

A

euchromatin: less condensed, transcribed first

heterochromatin: more condensed, transcribed last

74
Q

sphincters and smooth muscle

A

sphincters are constantly pinching until they relax, and smooth muscle peristalsis is due to contraction

75
Q

K sub anything is

A

half the graph

76
Q

g protein coupled receptor goes with

A

CAMP

77
Q

exergonic Keq

A

Keq > 1

78
Q

Ca pumps in or out of a neuron

A

out

79
Q

Hill coefficient

A

measures cooperativity (i.e. hemoglobin, you see sigmoidal kinetic curves, not following michaelis menten)

n>1 = cooperativity
n=1 no cooperativity
n<1 = negative cooperativity

80
Q

neurotransmitters for exciting/inhibiting

A

-Glutamate: excitatory in the brain

-Glycine: inhibitory in the spine

-GABA: inhibitory in the brain

81
Q

dopeamine

A

Drive to get a reward

82
Q

seratonin

A

satiety, tranquility, peace

83
Q

ectoderm

A

“attract”oderm “The things that arise from the ectoderm are things that attract us to others, such as cosmetic features and ““smarts””
- our nervous system, epidermis (skin), lens of eye, inner ear, mouth”

84
Q

mesoderm

A

“means”oderm “the means of getting around as an organism, such as bones and muscle
the means of getting around within the body, such as the circulatory system and kidney
the means of ““getting around ;)”” such as the testes and ovaries”

85
Q

endoderm

A

linings of the “endernal” organs the digestive and respiratory tracts, and accessory organs (liver, pancreas, thyroid, and bladder) to these systems

86
Q

Schwann has a penis

A

schwann is mylein producing cell in PNS

oligodendrocyte in CNS

87
Q

Exercise is the right thing to do!

A

“everything associated with EXERCISE causes the curve to shift RIGHT:

  • increased partial pressure of CO2 in the body (b/c CO2 is a byproduct of Krebs Cycle)
  • increased [H+] aka decreased blood pH
  • increased body temperature
  • increased 2,3-DPG

This is because exercised muscle benefits from more oxygen being unloaded from the RBC (aka decreased affinity of Hb)”

88
Q

“Real Men In Violet Underwear… eXtremely Gorgeous”

A

increasing energy and increasing frequency

Radiowaves –> Microwaves –> Infrared –> Visible light –> UV –> X-rays –> Gamma-rays

89
Q

“How Glycolysis Pushes Forward the Process: Kinases.”

A

glycolysis irreversible steps

“Hexokinase
Glucokinase
PFK-1
Pyruvate Kinase”

90
Q

Old Age Pedophiles Love Genitals

A

freud psychodevelopmental stages

“Oral (0-1 years)
Anal (1-3 years)
Phalic (3-5 years)
Latency (5 years - puberty)
Gential (puberty - adulthood)”

91
Q

low Kd

A

high binding

92
Q

SAME DAVE

A

Sensory afferent
motor efferent
dorsal (towards back) afferent
ventral (towards front) efferent

93
Q

seven up

A

pathway of sperm

94
Q

hyper and depolarization

A

hyper: more negative inside

de: more positive inside

95
Q

blood viscosity

A

blood cells (erthyrocytes) interacting with vessel walls

large diamter -> more interaction with vessel wall -> more viscosity

mcat (5 decks)

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