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Histology > Membranous Organelles > Flashcards

Membranous Organelles Flashcards

0
Q

Mitochondria (function)

A

Produces ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - available energy for cell processes.

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1
Q

Membranous organelles

A

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Peroxisomes

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2
Q

Mitochondria (structure)

A

Composed of an outer membrane and an inner membrane.

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3
Q

Cristae

A

Folds projected by the inner membrane into the interior of the mitochondrion, increasing surface area.

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4
Q

Matrix

A

Fluid inside the mitochondria

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5
Q

Intermembrane space

A

The gap between the two membranes

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6
Q

The number of mitochondria in a cell

A

It is related to the cell’s energy needs

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7
Q

The outer membrane (structure)

A

Contains many transmembrane proteins called porines that form channels through which small molecules pass to enter the intermembrane space from the cytoplasm.

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8
Q

Mitochondrial deficiency diseases characterized by

A

Muscular disfunction

Drooping of the upper eyelid

Difficulties in swallowing

Limb weakness

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9
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (structure)

A

Continuous network of membrane tubules and cisternae

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10
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (types)

A

Rough ER

Smooth ER

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11
Q

Rough ER (structure)

A

Ribosomes on the tubules, attached to the ER membrane.

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12
Q

Rough ER (function)

A

Production (by ribosomes) of proteins made for exportation and of lysosomal enzymes.

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13
Q

Smooth ER (structure)

A

No ribosomes on the ER membrane.

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14
Q

Smooth ER (function)

A

Lipid metabolism

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus (structure)

A

Cytoplasmic organelle composed of a stack of smooth membranous saccules and associated vesicles. Usually found near the rough ER in the cell.

It has two faces: cis (receiving or entry) and trans (maturing or exit).

16
Q

Golgi apparatus (function)

A

Modification, sorting and transport (shipping) of proteins.

Produces enzymes sorted into lysosomes, to degrade proteins and organelles.

Plays a role in retrieving and recycling proteins.

17
Q

Mechanism of protein shipping

A

Once the proteins are produced by the rough ER, they pass into sack-like cisternae that are the main part of the Golgi body. These proteins are then squeezed of into the little belbs which drift off into the cytoplasm.

18
Q

Protein shipping problems

A

If the Golgi complex makes a mistake in shipping the proteins to the right address, certain functions in the cell may stop.

23
Q

Lysosomes (structure)

A

Single-membrane organelles nicknamed “suicide sacs”.

They are specialized vesicles holding a variety of enzymes capable of digesting or breaking down all organic materials.

24
Q

Lysosome (formation)

A

The enzyme proteins are first created in the rough ER.
Those proteins are packaged in a vesicle and sent to the Golgi apparatus.
The Golgi apparatus does its final work to create the digestive enzymes and pinches off a specific vesicle, the lysosome.
From there the lysosomes float in the cytoplasm until they are needed.

25
Q

Primary lysosomes

A

Produced by the Golgi apparatus.

26
Q

Secondary lysosomes

A

Formed by the fusion of primary lysosomes with other membrane-bound vesicles in the cytoplasm. These vesicles either contain extracellular material that has entered the cell by phagocytosis and requires digesting, or organelles that require degrading because they have reached the end of their active life.
They contain around 40 different types of hydrolytic enzymes.

27
Q

Peroxisomes (structure)

A

Enzyme-containing membrane-bound vesicles.

28
Q

Peroxisomes (function)

A

Breaking down the toxic H2O2, using the enzyme catalase.

Breaking down fat and amino acids into smaller molecules that can be used for energy production by mitochondria.

29
Q

Peroxisomal disorders (cause)

A

Reduced number or complete absence of peroxisomes affecting functions of many enzymes.
Example: Zellweger syndrome.

30
Q

Zellweger syndrome (physical symptoms)

A

Macrocephaly

Flat face

High forehead

Posteriorly rotated ears with abnormal helices

Bell shaped chest

Hepatomehaly

Hydronephoris

31
Q

Zellweger syndrome (neurological symptoms)

A

Mental retardation

Hypotonia

Hyporeflexia or areflexia

32
Q

Zellweger syndrome (treatment)

A

No specific treatment and nearly all disorders and lethal.

Histology (4 decks)

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