membranes and transport

Question 1

physiological role of membranes

Answer 1

protection for the cells, shape, separates intracellular from extracellular, transports material between organelles and between intercellular and extracellular, compartments, recognition sites, anchoring sites, binding and maintaining electric potentials

Question 2

glycerophospholipids

Answer 2

glycerol backbone + phosphate + 2 FA

type of phospholipid

Question 3

sphingophospholipids

Answer 3

sphingosine backbone + long chain FA + phosphorylcholine

type of phospholipid

eg: sphingomyelin which is commonly found in the outer membrane, makes up myelin sheath around neuron

Question 4

glycolipids

Answer 4

sphingosine backbone with carbohydrate/sugar residues attached (in outer leaflet)

Question 5

cholesterol

Answer 5

embedded in lipid bilayer, attached in hydrophobic tails

they help buffer temperature changes so the membrane stays optimally fluid

too much cholesterol cause spur cell anemia in RBC bc they become too rigid to pass through capillaries without rupturing

Question 6

phosphatidylserine (PS)

Answer 6

a sphingomyelin normally found on the inner membrane is moved to the outer membrane signally cell death/apoptosis in dying or damaged cells

Question 7

integral membrane proteins

Answer 7

embedded in lipid bilayer
can be polytopic transmembrane proteins span the membrane multiple times to interact with both internal and external environments ie: transporters, ion channels, receptors

Question 8

peripheral proteins

Answer 8

loosely bound to membrane by attachment to lipids or proteins

Question 9

lipid-anchored proteins

Answer 9

tethered to membranes via covalent attachment to a lipid

Question 10

glycocalyx

Answer 10

carbohydrate shell on the surface of membranes (remember carbs have to attach to proteins or lipids and have to be facing extracellular space). glucocalyx protects membrane, prevents degradation, and helps identify cells as foreign or diseased

Question 11

definition of glycosylated

Answer 11

attached to carb molecules

Question 12

Antigen and antibody for each blood group

Answer 12

antigen tags the blood cells as to what type they are. antibodies are produced by the body to check and make sure that any improper blood cells are destroyed.

O blood: H antigen, with anti-A and anti-B antibodies
A blood: A antigen, with anti-B antibodies
B blood: B antigen, with anti-A antibodies
AB blood: A and B antigen, with no antibodies

Question 13

Rh factors also known as D antigen

Answer 13

Rh+ express D antigen

Rh- lack D antigen

Question 14

erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 14

mom Rh-, baby is Rh+. first baby the mom’s body develops antibodies to fight the Rh+ (D antigen) so the second Rh+ baby mama’s antibodies will attack fetus leading to premature