membranes

Question 1

describe the two types of phospholipids

Answer 1

glycerophospholipids: glycerol backbone, polar phosphate head, two fatty acid chains
sphingophospholipids: sphingosine backbone,

Question 2

what is the significance of phosphatidylserine

Answer 2

it is located on the inner leaflet of cells, when present on outside it indicates a dying cell and marks it for apoptosis

Question 3

what is niemann pick disease

Answer 3

deficiency in sphingomyelinase, the enzylme that breaks down sphingomyelin. sphingomyelin accumulates , enlarges liver and spleen, causes mental retardation, seizures, etc. hallmark cherry red spot in eye.

Question 4

what type of macromolecule is the abo antigens made of

Answer 4

carbohydrates

Question 5

which factor is associated with hemolytic disease of newborns

Answer 5

rh(D)

Question 6

what is spur cell anemia

Answer 6

elevelated levels of cholesterol in the membrane caused rigid membranes that break as they pass through capillaries of spleen

Question 7

what type of transport do the GLUT proteins use

Answer 7

facilitated diffusion

Question 8

what is cystinuria

Answer 8

a defect in the transport system responsible for the uptake of the dimerica amino acid cystine, and dibasic amino acids arg, lys, and ornithine. causes buildup of cystine, causes ab pain and kidney stones

Question 9

what is hartnup disease

Answer 9

defect in transporter for neutral and nonpolar amino acids, i.e. trypophan, causes failure to thrive

Question 10

what type of transport are ligand gated and voltage gated channels

Answer 10

facilitated diffusion

Question 11

what is the difference between primary and secondary active transport

Answer 11

primary uses atp to move things against conc. gradient, secondary uses the energy stored in the concentration gradient of something to move something else against its conc. gradient

Question 12

how do cardiotonic drugs work

Answer 12

inhibit Na/K ATPase in heart cells. leads to an increase in NA in the cell, which also leads to an increase in Ca in cells, which causes stronger heart contractions

Question 13

what is cystic fibrosis

Answer 13

defective chloride transporter, which causes accumulation of Cl, which causes influx of Na to form NaCl to offset negative charge, which causes influx of water, which drys out mucous layer causing thicker mucous and increased infections

Question 14

what is the difference between P type atpases and ABC transporters

Answer 14

P type gets phosphorylated by atpases and ABC transporters do not

Question 15

what is sglt1

Answer 15

a secondary active transporter that transports 2 na down its conc gradient and 1 glucose against its conc gradient

Question 16

what does GLUT 2 transport

Answer 16

glc, gal, fru

Question 17

what is ncx

Answer 17

sodium calcium exchanger, maintains low ca levels in cells, antiporter, 1 calcium out against its concentration gradient, 3 sodium in down their conc gradient

Question 18

what ion is higher in the cell than the outside of the cell

Answer 18

k

Question 19

what 4 transporters are responsible for monosaccharide transport from the lumen to the bloodstream in an enterocyte

Answer 19

SGLT1 and GLUT 5 on the apical side, and GLUT2 and NA/K ATPase one the bloodstream side

Question 20

what does glut5 transport

Answer 20

fructose

Question 21

what does na/k atpase do

Answer 21

maintains high intracellular k, low intracellular na, pumps 2 k in, 3 na out, using atp