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mcm > carbohydrates > Flashcards

carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between GLUT1 and GLUT2

A

GLUT1 has a high affinity for glucose and is present in all cells, glut 2 is mostly in liver and pancreas and has a low affinity for glucose

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2
Q

where is glut3 mostly found

A

neurons, high affinity

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3
Q

what distinguishes glut4

A

heart, adipose, skeletal tissue. dependent on insulin. present in vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane when given a signal by a insulin receptor.

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4
Q

what causes fanconi bickel syndrome

A

deficiency in GLUT2, failure to thrive, rickets, cannot transport glucose, galactose, and fructose, vitamin d defiency, rickets, treated with uncooked corn starch which prevents spikes in blood glucose,

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5
Q

summarize glycolysis in 3 steps

A

investment phase: input of 2 atp
splitting phase: isomerase and splitting into G3P and DHAP, later into 2 G3P
payoff phase:

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6
Q

what is the difference between hexokinase and glucokinase

A

hexokinase has a high affinity in glucose and is present in most cells, glucokinase has a low affinity for glucose and is only present in the liver and pancrease so it is most active when blood glucose is high, glucokinase has a higher vmax

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7
Q

what reaction do hexokinase and glucokinase catalyze

A

glucose to g6p by using ATP

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8
Q

what inhibits hexokinase

A

G6P, the product of the reaction

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9
Q

what inhibits glucokinase

A

glucagon, which inhibits glycolysis

fructose6phosphate,

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10
Q

which 3 steps are regulated in glycolysis

A
  1. conversion of glucose to g6p
  2. conversion of fructose6phosphate to fructose16bisphosphate by phosphofructokinse1(pfk1) with 1 atp
  3. conversion of phophoenolpyruvate(PEP) to pyruvate through pyruvate kinase
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11
Q

what is the rate limiting step of glycolysis, and how is it regulated

A

conversion of Fructose6phosphate to fructose16bisphosphate by PFK1 with 1 ATP
AMP and fructose 2 6 bisphosphate activate it, ATP and citrate inhibit it

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12
Q

how does f26bp regulate pfk1

A

pfk2/fbpase-2 converts f6p to f26bp which stimulates pfk1

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13
Q

how does insulin regulate pfk1

A

insulin activates protein phosphotases which dephosphorylate pfk2/fbpase2, which activating the kinase, making f26bp from f6p which activates pfk1

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14
Q

how does glucagon regulate pfk1

A

glucagon increases cAMP, which activate PKA, which phosphorylates pfk2/fbpase2 which activates the phosphatase, decreasing f26bp, inhibiting pfk1

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15
Q

what is the final product of the “investment” phase of glycolysis

A

fructose 6 phosphate f6p from f6p by pfk1

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16
Q

what 2 steps use up atp in glycolysis

A

conversion of glucose to g6p by hexokinase or glucokinase to g6p and conversion of f6p to f16bp by pfk 1

17
Q

what is the fate of g3p in glycolysis

A

conversion to 13bisphosphoglycerate by adding phosphate and turning nad to nadh, conversion to 3 phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate kinase producing 2 atp… to phosphoenolpyruvate

18
Q

what reaction is pyruvate kinase responsible for

A

conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate with the production of 2 atp with pyruvate kinase

19
Q

how is pyruvate kinase regulated

A

activated by insulin, f16bp, inhibited by glucagon, alanine, and atp

20
Q

what is the fate of pyruvate during fed conditions

A

conversion to acetyl coa in the mitochondria for tca cycle or fatty acid synthsis, or to alanine for protein synthesis

21
Q

what is the fate of pyruvate during fasting conditions

A

converted to oxoaloacetate for gluconeogenesis

22
Q

what is the fate of pyruvate in anaerobic conditions

A

the cori cycle to be sent to the liver for gluconeogenesis

23
Q

what stimulates glucokinase

A

glucose, f1p, insulin

24
Q

what inhibits glucokinase

A

glucagon, f6p

25
Q

what stimulates pfk1

A

amp, f26bp

26
Q

what inhibits pfk1

A

atp, citrate

27
Q

what stimulates pyruvate kinase

A

insulin, f16bp

28
Q

what inhibits pyruvate kinase

A

alanine, atp, glucagon

mcm (3 decks)

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