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mcm > fundamentals > Flashcards

fundamentals Flashcards

1
Q

what is an addition reaction

A

adding an atom to a double bond

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2
Q

what is an elimination reaction

A

removing an atom to make a double bond

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3
Q

how does hypo ventilation affect blood pH

A

it causes less CO2 to be removed from blood, causing it to accumulate, shifting the bicarbonate buffer to the left, adding more H ions, lowering PH; respiratory acidosis

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4
Q

how does hyperventilation affect blood pH

A

it causes more CO2 to be removed from blood, shifting bicarbonate buffer to the right, removing H ions, raising pH; respiratory alkalosis

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5
Q

what is metabolic acidosis

A

the addition of a strong acid to the blood, i.e. lactate and ketone bodies. or the loss of HCO3 through diarrhea or weakened kidney function

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6
Q

how do the kidneys regulate pH balance of blood

A

it can remove protons from NH4+ and reabsorb HCO3-.

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7
Q

what reaction is hexokinase responsible for

A

adding an P to glucose making g6p by coupling hydrolysis of ATP.

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8
Q

what inhibits hexokinase

A

G6p

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9
Q

what does a lower E0 indicate

A

more negative indicates a stronger reducant

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10
Q

what is an oxidoreductase reaction

A

oxredox, like NADH

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11
Q

what is the difference between synthase and synthetases

A

synthetases use ATP

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12
Q

what is an enzyme that uses a Cu cofactor

A

cytochrome c oxidase

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13
Q

what is an enzyme that uses a fe cofactor

A

heme proteins

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14
Q

what is an enzyme that uses a Mg cofactor

A

ATPases

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15
Q

what is an enzyme that uses a Se cofactor

A

glutathione peroxidase

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16
Q

what is an enzyme that uses a Zn Cofactor

A

Superoxide dismutase

17
Q

what vitamin is NAD+ and NADP+ derived from?

A

Niacin, vitamin B3

18
Q

how do gastric proton pump inhibitors function

A

they inhibit HK ATPase in the parietal cells that pump protons into the lumen, for patients who want to reduce acid levels in stomach

19
Q

what inhibits succinate dehydrogenase

A

malonate

20
Q

how do competitive inhibitors change enzyme kinetics

A

raise km, lower affinity, same Vmax

21
Q

how do noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme kinetics

A

same affinity and Km, lower vmax,

22
Q

how do uncompetitive inhibitors change enzyme kinetics

A

lower vmax and km by same factor, resembles increase in affinity

23
Q

how do irreversible inhibitors change enzyme kinetics

A

same affinity and km, lower vmax

24
Q

how is lead poisoning treated

A

with ca-edta, which chelates out the lead which has a higher affinity for edta and displaces the ca

25
Q

what is the significance of troponin ctn-1

A

it is a biomarker specific for miocardial infarction

mcm (3 decks)

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