fundamentals Flashcards
what is an addition reaction
adding an atom to a double bond
what is an elimination reaction
removing an atom to make a double bond
how does hypo ventilation affect blood pH
it causes less CO2 to be removed from blood, causing it to accumulate, shifting the bicarbonate buffer to the left, adding more H ions, lowering PH; respiratory acidosis
how does hyperventilation affect blood pH
it causes more CO2 to be removed from blood, shifting bicarbonate buffer to the right, removing H ions, raising pH; respiratory alkalosis
what is metabolic acidosis
the addition of a strong acid to the blood, i.e. lactate and ketone bodies. or the loss of HCO3 through diarrhea or weakened kidney function
how do the kidneys regulate pH balance of blood
it can remove protons from NH4+ and reabsorb HCO3-.
what reaction is hexokinase responsible for
adding an P to glucose making g6p by coupling hydrolysis of ATP.
what inhibits hexokinase
G6p
what does a lower E0 indicate
more negative indicates a stronger reducant
what is an oxidoreductase reaction
oxredox, like NADH
what is the difference between synthase and synthetases
synthetases use ATP
what is an enzyme that uses a Cu cofactor
cytochrome c oxidase
what is an enzyme that uses a fe cofactor
heme proteins
what is an enzyme that uses a Mg cofactor
ATPases
what is an enzyme that uses a Se cofactor
glutathione peroxidase
what is an enzyme that uses a Zn Cofactor
Superoxide dismutase
what vitamin is NAD+ and NADP+ derived from?
Niacin, vitamin B3
how do gastric proton pump inhibitors function
they inhibit HK ATPase in the parietal cells that pump protons into the lumen, for patients who want to reduce acid levels in stomach
what inhibits succinate dehydrogenase
malonate
how do competitive inhibitors change enzyme kinetics
raise km, lower affinity, same Vmax
how do noncompetitive inhibitors affect enzyme kinetics
same affinity and Km, lower vmax,
how do uncompetitive inhibitors change enzyme kinetics
lower vmax and km by same factor, resembles increase in affinity
how do irreversible inhibitors change enzyme kinetics
same affinity and km, lower vmax
how is lead poisoning treated
with ca-edta, which chelates out the lead which has a higher affinity for edta and displaces the ca
