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Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Circulation is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood.

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2
Q

Digestive is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas.

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3
Q

Endocrine is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, etc.

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4
Q

Immune is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.

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5
Q

Integumentary is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Skin.

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6
Q

Musculoskeletal is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Skeletal muscle and bones.

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7
Q

Nervous is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Brain and spinal cord.

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8
Q

Reproductive is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Ovaries, uterus and testes.

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9
Q

Respiratory is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Lungs and airways.

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10
Q

Urinary is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Kidney and bladder.

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11
Q

Circulation is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It transports material between cells.

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12
Q

Digestive is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It converts food into transportable particles and eliminates some waste.

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13
Q

Endocrine is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It coordinates body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules.

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14
Q

Immune is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It defends against foreign invaders.

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15
Q

Integumentary is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

Protection from the external environment.

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16
Q

Musculoskeletal is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It provides support and movement.

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17
Q

Nervous is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It coordinates body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules.

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18
Q

Reproductive is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

Perpetuation of the species.

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19
Q

Respiratory is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments.

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20
Q

Urinary is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It keeps maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment and also removes waste.

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21
Q

Define plastination.

A

Preserving tissue by replacing water and fatty tissue with polymers.

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22
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment.

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23
Q

State some examples of homeostasis.

A

Control of body temperature, blood sugar, respiratory gases, blood pressure and osmotic concentration of blood.

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24
Q

Out of males and females, which gender has a higher percentage of water in their body composition?

A

Males.

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25
As an individual ages, does the percentage of water in their body composition increase or decrease?
Decrease.
26
In terms of fluid compartments, how much percentage is intracellular fluid?
40%.
27
In terms of fluid compartments, how much percentage is extracellular fluid?
20%.
28
What two things is extracellular fluid composed of, what are their percentages and what are their purposes?
Plasma (5%) is fluid that circulates in blood vessels. Interstitial fluid (15%) is fluid that bathes cells and contains virtually no protein.
29
What are the three types of transport across membranes?
Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.
30
What is the function of facilitated diffusion?
It moves molecules down their concentration gradient and requires no energy.
31
What is the function of active transport?
It moves molecules against their concentration gradient using energy obtained directly or indirectly from the hydrolysis of ATP.
32
What are the proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane?
Membrane transporters.
33
What are the two types of membrane transporters?
Channel proteins and carrier proteins.
34
What is the function of channel proteins?
They are water filled channels that link intracellular and extracellular compartments. They are rapid bit are limited to small ions and water.
35
What is the function of carrier proteins?
They bind the molecules to be transported. They are relatively slow, but are able to transport larger molecules.
36
What is the function of aquaporins?
They transport water
37
What two things determine the selectivity of a channel protein?
1. The diameter of the central pore. | 2. The electrical charge of amino acids that form the pore.
38
In terms of channel proteins, define open channels.
They are open most of the time and allow unregulated transport across the membrane; they are known as leak channels or pores.
39
State three ways how gated channel opening is regulated.
1. Intracellular messenger molecules or extracellular ligands (chemically-gated channels). 2. Electrical activity in the cell (voltage-gated channels). 3. Changes in temperature or pressure on the membrane (mechanically-gated channels).
40
How do carrier proteins transport molecules across the membrane?
They change shape.
41
What type of molecules do carrier proteins transport?
Organic molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, and ions.
42
What is the function of uniport carriers?
They transport only one kind of substrate.
43
What is the function of symport carriers?
They move two or more substrates in the same direction across the membrane.
44
What is the function of antiport carriers?
They move substrates in opposite directions.
45
Out of uniport, symport and antiport carriers, which are cotransporters?
Symport and antiport.
46
Carrier proteins do not form a continuous link between the intracellular and the extracellular compartments. True or false?
True.
47
Facilitated diffusion of glucose may not reach equilibrium. Why is this?
Because glucose is converted in glucose-6-phosphate; thus maintaining low intracellular glucose.
48
GLUT1 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?
Glucose and other hexoses.
49
GLUT2 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?
Glucose and other hexoses.
50
GLUT3 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?
Glucose and other hexoses.
51
GLUT4 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?
Glucose (insulin regulated).
52
GLUT5 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?
Fructose.
53
GLUT6-12 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?
Under investigation.
54
GLUT1 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?
Most tissues of the body.
55
GLUT2 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?
Liver and transporting epithelium of intestine and kidney.
56
GLUT3 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?
Neurons.
57
GLUT4 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?
Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.
58
GLUT5 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?
Intestinal epithelium.
59
GLUT6-12 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?
Under investigation.
60
Primary (direct) active transport is one type of active transport. Define this type of transport.
The energy used to move molecules against their concentration gradient comes directly from ATP.
61
Secondary (indirect) active transport is one type of active transport. Define this type of transport.
It uses potential energy stored in a concentration gradient of one molecule to transport other molecules against their concentration gradient.
62
Secondary active transport depends on primary active transport to generate the required concentration gradients. True or false?
True.
63
Most primary active transporters are known as ATPases, such as the sodium-potassium pump. It maintains the gradient across the cell which allows what two things?
1. Nerve cells are able to transmit electrical signals. | 2. Epithelial cells are able to uptake nutrients, ions and water.
64
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ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 34.
65
What two things inhibit the sodium-potassium pump?
Cardiac glycosides and heavy metals.
66
Cardiac glycosides are used for what type of treatment? What is the risk using this treatment?
Cardiac failure. There is a narrow margin between effective clinical use and toxicity.
67
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68
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ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 40.
69
What is the purpose of vesicular transport across membranes?
They are mechanisms for bringing molecules into cells that are too large for protein channels or carriers.
70
Define phagocytosis.
It's an active process that requires ATP and the use of the cytoskeleton and phagocytes.
71
Outline the process of phagocytosis.
ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 43.
72
Define endocytosis.
It is an active process that requires ATP and can be non-selective (pinocytosis) or highly selective (receptor-mediated) that allows only specific molecules to enter the cell.
73
What are the two types of receptor-mediated endocytosis and their function?
1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis - It operates in areas of the cell membrane known as clathrin-coated pits; they are rich in the protein clathrin. 2. Potocytosis - It involves the use of membrane regions called caveolae which contain proteins called caveolins.
74
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75
State two examples of endocytosis.
1. Uptake of cholesterol from blood into cells through low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors. 2. "Switching off" or desensitisation of receptors involved in cell signalling.
76
Define exocytosis.
It is involved in the secretion of molecules from the cell or insertion of proteins into the cell membrane. It is ATP-dependent and often triggered by increases in intracellular calcium ions.

Human Systems (17 decks)

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