Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Human Systems > Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Membrane Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Circulation is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Heart, blood vessels and blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Digestive is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Stomach, intestines, liver and pancreas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Endocrine is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Thyroid gland, adrenal gland, etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Immune is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Thymus, spleen and lymph nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Integumentary is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Skin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Musculoskeletal is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Skeletal muscle and bones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Nervous is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Brain and spinal cord.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Reproductive is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Ovaries, uterus and testes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Respiratory is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Lungs and airways.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Urinary is one system within the human body. Name its organs and/or tissues.

A

Kidney and bladder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Circulation is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It transports material between cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Digestive is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It converts food into transportable particles and eliminates some waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Endocrine is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It coordinates body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Immune is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It defends against foreign invaders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Integumentary is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

Protection from the external environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Musculoskeletal is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It provides support and movement.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nervous is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It coordinates body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Reproductive is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

Perpetuation of the species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Respiratory is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

To exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide between the internal and external environments.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Urinary is one system within the human body. Name its function.

A

It keeps maintenance of water and solutes in the internal environment and also removes waste.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Define plastination.

A

Preserving tissue by replacing water and fatty tissue with polymers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

State some examples of homeostasis.

A

Control of body temperature, blood sugar, respiratory gases, blood pressure and osmotic concentration of blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Out of males and females, which gender has a higher percentage of water in their body composition?

A

Males.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

As an individual ages, does the percentage of water in their body composition increase or decrease?

A

Decrease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In terms of fluid compartments, how much percentage is intracellular fluid?

A

40%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In terms of fluid compartments, how much percentage is extracellular fluid?

A

20%.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What two things is extracellular fluid composed of, what are their percentages and what are their purposes?

A

Plasma (5%) is fluid that circulates in blood vessels. Interstitial fluid (15%) is fluid that bathes cells and contains virtually no protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the three types of transport across membranes?

A

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the function of facilitated diffusion?

A

It moves molecules down their concentration gradient and requires no energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the function of active transport?

A

It moves molecules against their concentration gradient using energy obtained directly or indirectly from the hydrolysis of ATP.

32
Q

What are the proteins involved in the movement of molecules across the cell membrane?

A

Membrane transporters.

33
Q

What are the two types of membrane transporters?

A

Channel proteins and carrier proteins.

34
Q

What is the function of channel proteins?

A

They are water filled channels that link intracellular and extracellular compartments. They are rapid bit are limited to small ions and water.

35
Q

What is the function of carrier proteins?

A

They bind the molecules to be transported. They are relatively slow, but are able to transport larger molecules.

36
Q

What is the function of aquaporins?

A

They transport water

37
Q

What two things determine the selectivity of a channel protein?

A
  1. The diameter of the central pore.

2. The electrical charge of amino acids that form the pore.

38
Q

In terms of channel proteins, define open channels.

A

They are open most of the time and allow unregulated transport across the membrane; they are known as leak channels or pores.

39
Q

State three ways how gated channel opening is regulated.

A
  1. Intracellular messenger molecules or extracellular ligands (chemically-gated channels).
  2. Electrical activity in the cell (voltage-gated channels).
  3. Changes in temperature or pressure on the membrane (mechanically-gated channels).
40
Q

How do carrier proteins transport molecules across the membrane?

A

They change shape.

41
Q

What type of molecules do carrier proteins transport?

A

Organic molecules, such as glucose and amino acids, and ions.

42
Q

What is the function of uniport carriers?

A

They transport only one kind of substrate.

43
Q

What is the function of symport carriers?

A

They move two or more substrates in the same direction across the membrane.

44
Q

What is the function of antiport carriers?

A

They move substrates in opposite directions.

45
Q

Out of uniport, symport and antiport carriers, which are cotransporters?

A

Symport and antiport.

46
Q

Carrier proteins do not form a continuous link between the intracellular and the extracellular compartments. True or false?

A

True.

47
Q

Facilitated diffusion of glucose may not reach equilibrium. Why is this?

A

Because glucose is converted in glucose-6-phosphate; thus maintaining low intracellular glucose.

48
Q

GLUT1 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?

A

Glucose and other hexoses.

49
Q

GLUT2 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?

A

Glucose and other hexoses.

50
Q

GLUT3 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?

A

Glucose and other hexoses.

51
Q

GLUT4 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?

A

Glucose (insulin regulated).

52
Q

GLUT5 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?

A

Fructose.

53
Q

GLUT6-12 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What sugar does it transport?

A

Under investigation.

54
Q

GLUT1 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?

A

Most tissues of the body.

55
Q

GLUT2 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?

A

Liver and transporting epithelium of intestine and kidney.

56
Q

GLUT3 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?

A

Neurons.

57
Q

GLUT4 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?

A

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle.

58
Q

GLUT5 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?

A

Intestinal epithelium.

59
Q

GLUT6-12 is part of the GLUT family glucose transporters. What type of tissue is this found in?

A

Under investigation.

60
Q

Primary (direct) active transport is one type of active transport. Define this type of transport.

A

The energy used to move molecules against their concentration gradient comes directly from ATP.

61
Q

Secondary (indirect) active transport is one type of active transport. Define this type of transport.

A

It uses potential energy stored in a concentration gradient of one molecule to transport other molecules against their concentration gradient.

62
Q

Secondary active transport depends on primary active transport to generate the required concentration gradients. True or false?

A

True.

63
Q

Most primary active transporters are known as ATPases, such as the sodium-potassium pump. It maintains the gradient across the cell which allows what two things?

A
  1. Nerve cells are able to transmit electrical signals.

2. Epithelial cells are able to uptake nutrients, ions and water.

64
Q

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 34.

A

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 34.

65
Q

What two things inhibit the sodium-potassium pump?

A

Cardiac glycosides and heavy metals.

66
Q

Cardiac glycosides are used for what type of treatment? What is the risk using this treatment?

A

Cardiac failure. There is a narrow margin between effective clinical use and toxicity.

67
Q

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 37.

A

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 37.

68
Q

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 40.

A

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 40.

69
Q

What is the purpose of vesicular transport across membranes?

A

They are mechanisms for bringing molecules into cells that are too large for protein channels or carriers.

70
Q

Define phagocytosis.

A

It’s an active process that requires ATP and the use of the cytoskeleton and phagocytes.

71
Q

Outline the process of phagocytosis.

A

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 43.

72
Q

Define endocytosis.

A

It is an active process that requires ATP and can be non-selective (pinocytosis) or highly selective (receptor-mediated) that allows only specific molecules to enter the cell.

73
Q

What are the two types of receptor-mediated endocytosis and their function?

A
  1. Receptor-mediated endocytosis - It operates in areas of the cell membrane known as clathrin-coated pits; they are rich in the protein clathrin.
  2. Potocytosis - It involves the use of membrane regions called caveolae which contain proteins called caveolins.
74
Q

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 46.

A

ADD PICTURE FROM SLIDE 46.

75
Q

State two examples of endocytosis.

A
  1. Uptake of cholesterol from blood into cells through low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors.
  2. “Switching off” or desensitisation of receptors involved in cell signalling.
76
Q

Define exocytosis.

A

It is involved in the secretion of molecules from the cell or insertion of proteins into the cell membrane. It is ATP-dependent and often triggered by increases in intracellular calcium ions.

Human Systems (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions