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Human Systems > Blood Composition > Flashcards

Blood Composition Flashcards

1
Q

Where are plasma proteins made?

A

In the liver.

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2
Q

Plasma proteins make the osmotic pressure of blood higher than that of interstitial fluid (IF). What effect does this have on water?

A

It pulls water from interstitial fluid into capillaries and helps maintain blood volume.

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3
Q

What are the functions of fibrinogen?

A

Clotting and forms fibrin.

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4
Q

What are the functions of globulins?

A

Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies and carriers.

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5
Q

What is the functions of albumins?

A

Transport.

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6
Q

Describe the features of red blood cells (erythrocytes).

A

Biconcave, no nucleus, no mitochondria and they are made in the bone marrow.

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7
Q

Describe the features of white blood cells (leukocytes).

A

They contain a nucleus and most are produced in the bone marrow.

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8
Q

Where are the cell fragments of platelets derived from?

A

Megakaryocytes.

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9
Q

What are the two colony-stimulating factors?

A

White blood cell production and treatment of neutropenia (decrease in neutrophil count).

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10
Q

What is the function of thrombopoietin?

A

Platelet production.

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11
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

Red cell production.

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12
Q

Where is erythropoietin synthesised?

A

In the liver or kidney in response to low oxygen (hypoxia).

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13
Q

What treatment is erythropoietin used in?

A

Anaemia - e.g. renal failure, cancer, AIDS, infections and bone marrow transplant.

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14
Q

What are the two functions of blood?

A

Transport of materials and defence against disease.

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15
Q

Is solubility of oxygen low or high?

A

Low.

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16
Q

Does solubility increase or decrease with increasing temperature.

A

Decreases.

17
Q

Vertebrates and many invertebrates evolved respiratory pigments to oxygen carrying capacity of blood. True or false?

A

True.

18
Q

How many alpha and beta chains does haemoglobin contain?

A

Two alpha and two beta chains.

19
Q

Each alpha and beta chain in haemoglobin contains what kind of group?

A

Heme group.

20
Q

Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic defect in which glutamine is replaced by what and where?

A

Valine at position six in the 146 amino acid beta-chain of haemoglobin.

21
Q

In sickle cell anaemia, what happens to haemoglobin when it gives up its oxygen?

A

It crystallises.

22
Q

In sickle cell anaemia, what happens to the shape of red blood cells?

A

It changes into a sickle shape, like a crescent moon.

23
Q

Sickle-shaped cells block small blood vessels. What does this cause?

A

Causes tissue damage and pain from hypoxia.

24
Q

How many oxygens does haemoglobin bind with?

A

Four.

25
Q

What does the binding of haemoglobin and oxygen form?

A

Oxyhaemoglobin (HbO8).

26
Q

Does fetal haemoglobin have a lower or higher affinity for oxygen than adult haemoglobin? Why?

A

Higher because it is then able to obtain oxygen from the mothers haemoglobin in the placenta.

27
Q

How does a high altitude affect an organisms oxygen dissociation curve?

A

Their oxygen dissociation curve move to the left.

28
Q

Does myoglobin have a higher or a lower affinity for oxygen than haemoglobin?

A

Higher.

29
Q

What is the purpose of myoglobin?

A

It acts as an oxygen store in muscles for use during periods of strenuous exertion. It only releases oxygen when the oxygen tension is very low.

30
Q

Does haemoglobin have a higher affinity for carbon monoxide or oxygen?

A

Carbon monoxide.

31
Q

Is carbon monoxide released at normal atmospheric oxygen tensions?

A

No.

32
Q

What death can carboxyhaemoglobin lead to?

A

Death from asphyxia.

33
Q

What are the three methods of transporting carbon dioxide from respiring tissues back to the lungs and their percentages?

A
  1. In aqueous solution in blood plasma (7%).
  2. In combination with haemoglobin (23%).
  3. In the form of hydrogen carbonate (70%).
34
Q

Is carbon dioxide or oxygen more soluble in water?

A

Carbon dioxide.

35
Q

If blood isn’t compatible during a blood transfusion, what occurs?

A

Agglutination of the donor blood, blockages of blood vessels and cell membranes burst and release haemoglobin into plasma causing illnesses such as fever or even death.

36
Q

Do rhesus-positive individuals have Rh-antibodies in their blood?

A

No.

37
Q

What is the only way a rhesus-negative individual can have Rh-antibodies?

A

If they have been exposed to rhesus-positive blood.

38
Q

What problem can arise during pregnancy of a rhesus negative Mother?

A

If the first baby is Rh+, the blood might mix at birth, causing the Mother to develop antibodies. Therefore, the second Rh+ baby would be attacked by the Mother’s antibodies and cause haemolytic disease of the newborn.

39
Q

What effect does carbon dioxide have on haemoglobin?

A

It lowers the pH of the blood so more readily releases oxygen.

Human Systems (17 decks)

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