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Human Systems > Kidneys > Flashcards

Kidneys Flashcards

1
Q

State six functions of the kidneys.

A
  1. Regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure. 2. Regulation of blood osmolarity. 3. Maintenance of ion balance. 4. Homeostatic regulation of blood pH. 5. Excretion of waste and foreign substances. 6. Production of hormones.
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2
Q

Give an example of a hormone the kidneys produce.

A

Erythropoietin.

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3
Q

What gives urine its distinctive colour?

A

Urobilin as it is a breakdown product of bilirubin, which is a breakdown product of haemoglobin.

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4
Q

Label this kidney diagram.

A
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5
Q

What percentage of cardiac output does the kidneys receive?

A

20% to 25%.

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6
Q

Blood supply to the kidneys is essential for what function?

A

Renal function.

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7
Q

Label this nephron diagram.

A
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8
Q

How does renal function change with age?

A

The efficiency of the kidney declines with age and the number of functional nephrons is reduced.

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9
Q

What are the two types of nephron and what are their percentages?

A

Cortical nephrons (80%) and juxtamendullary nephrons (20%).

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10
Q

Label this cortical nephron diagram.

A
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11
Q

Label this juxtamedullary nephron diagram.

A
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12
Q

Describe the stages of filtration.

A
  1. Urine formation. 2. It takes place in the renal corpuscle. 3. Not all plasma is filtered out, only 20% of it is.
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13
Q

What is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

Bowman’s capsule and glomerular capillaries.

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14
Q

The epithelium around glomerular capillaries are modified into what?

A

Podocytes.

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15
Q

Where does filtration take place?

A

Podocyte foot processes surround each capillary, leaving filtration slits through which filtration takes place.

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16
Q

Describe ultra-filtration in the Bowman’s capsule.

A

High pressure is maintained by afferent arteriole having larger diameter than efferent arteriole Substances are forced through the endothelial pores of the capillary, across the basement membrane and into the Bowman’s capsule.

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17
Q

Define basement membrane.

A

Comprised of protein filaments (collagen) and glycoproteins.

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18
Q

Define glycoproteins.

A

They are negatively charged and therefore repel small negatively charged plasma proteins.

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19
Q

Glomerular filtrate (GF) contains substances with a molecular weight less than what?

A

68,000.

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20
Q

What percentage of fluid is reabsorbed during ultra-filtration in the Bowman’s capsule.

A

99%.

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21
Q

Define juxtaglomerular apparatus.

A

A specialised region of the nephron that plays a role in regulating glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It also involves paracrine regulation of kidney function.

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22
Q

Label this GFR diagram.

A
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23
Q

State the five stages of blood flow in the nephron.

A
  1. Afferent arteriole. 2. Glomerulus capillaries. 3. Efferent arteriole. 4. Peritubular capillaries (vasa recta). 5. Renal vein.
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24
Q

Distal tubules of up to how many nephrons drain into a single collecting duct?

A

Eight.

25
Q

Describe the function of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).

A

It involves primary and secondary active transport and osmosis. 70% of glomerular filtrate (GF) is reabsorbed in PCT.

26
Q

What are the two ways tubular re-absorption occurs?

A
  1. Transcellular - In and out of epithelial cells. 2. Paracellular - Through junctions between cells.
27
Q

What three things are involved in the re-absorption in the proximal convoluted tube?

A
  1. Diffusion. 2. Active transport. 3. Pinocytosis.
28
Q

Label this Bowman’s capsule diagram.

A
29
Q

What are the two types of side in the proximal convoluted tube and where are they placed?

A
  1. Apical side (tubule lumen). 2. Basolateral side (interstitial fluid).
30
Q

What are the two stages of sodium re-absorption in the proximal convoluted tube?

A
  1. Sodium enters the cell through membrane proteins, moving down its electrochemical gradient. 2. Sodium is pumped out the basolateral side of the cell by the sodium-potassium pump.
31
Q

Label this lumen of PCT diagram.

A
32
Q

The loop of Henle allows birds and mammals to produce concentrated urine. Does a desert mammal have a longer or shorter loop of Henle?

A

Longer.

33
Q

Label this DI diagram.

A
34
Q

Describe the function of the descending limb of the counter-current multiplier.

A

It is permeable to water but does not transport ions.

35
Q

Describe the function of the ascending limb of the counter-current multiplier.

A

It is impermeable to water but transports ions.

36
Q

The vasa recta removes the water reabsorbed from the loop Henle. What does this maintain?

A

The medullary solute gradient.

37
Q

Describe the two functions of the distal convoluted tubule.

A
  1. Regulation of salt, water balance and pH of blood. 2. Permeability regulated by vasopressin.
38
Q

The permeability of the collecting duct is regulated by what?

A

Vasopressin.

39
Q

The concentration (osmolarity) of urine is a measure of what by the kidneys?

A

Water excretion.

40
Q

Define diuresis.

A

Removal of excess water.

41
Q

What hormone regulates urine osmolarity and how?

A

Vasopressin regulates the permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

42
Q

What three factors trigger vasopressin?

A
  1. Rise in blood osmolarity. 2. Fall in blood pressure. 3. Fall in blood volume.
43
Q

What is rise in blood osmolarity caused by?

A

Decrease in water intake, sweating and high salt intake.

44
Q

How is fall in blood pressure detected?

A

By the carotid and aortic baroreceptors.

45
Q

How is fall in blood volume detected?

A

By atrial stretch receptors.

46
Q

Label this osmolarity change in nephrons diagram.

A
47
Q

Label this sodium-linked glucose reabsoprtion diagram.

A
48
Q

What inhibits vasopressin release?

A

Ethanol.

49
Q

What does the inhibition of vasopressin lead to?

A

Reduced water reabsorption and large volume of dilute urine produced.

50
Q

What enhances vasopressin release?

A

Ecstasy (MDMA).

51
Q

What does the enhancement of vasopressin release lead to? Why is this dangerous?

A

Excessive water reabsorption and small volume of concentrated urine produced. It is dangerous as it can lead to risk of hyponatremia (water intoxication).

52
Q

Label this mechansim of vasopressin diagram.

A
53
Q

What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A

Frequent and heavy urination, excessive thirst and an overall feeling of weakness.

54
Q

Define central diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A

Reduction in vasopressin release.

55
Q

Define nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A

Genetic mutations in the vasopressin receptor or aquaporin-2.

56
Q

Label this tubular reabsorption diagram.

A
57
Q

Label this vasopressin osmolarity decrease diagram.

A
58
Q

Label this vasopressin osmolarity increase diagram.

A

Human Systems (17 decks)

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