meiosis, punnett squares, pedigrees

Question 1

prophase 1

Answer 1

chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane dissolves, homologous chromosomes pair up, alleles are exchanged (crossing over)

Question 2

metaphase 1

Answer 2

spindle fibers line the homologous chromosomes up on the equator

Question 3

anaphase 1

Answer 3

homologous chromosomes are pulled apart by centrioles

Question 4

telophase 1

Answer 4

nuclear membranes reform and cytokinesis happens

Question 5

prophase 2

Answer 5

nuclear membrane dissolves, centrioles begin sending out spindle fibers

Question 6

metaphase 2

Answer 6

chromosomes are lined up on the equator of the cell

Question 7

anaphase 2

Answer 7

centromeres are divided as the sister chromatids get pulled to the poles

Question 8

telophase 2

Answer 8

4 nuclear membranes reform, and then the cytoplasm splits in cytokinesis

Question 9

allele

Answer 9

a certain version of a gene

Question 10

fertilization

Answer 10

the process by which the genetic material in the nuclei of a sperm and an egg are united into a zygote

Question 11

meiosis

Answer 11

the process by which organisms produce haploid gamete cells in preparation for sexual reproduction; happening at different rates in males and females to produce sperm and eggs, respectively

Question 12

punnett squares

Answer 12

method of mapping both phenotype and genotype ratio of a family

Question 13

pedigree

Answer 13

tracing the history of genetics in a family, maps phenotype

Question 14

nondisjunction

Answer 14

an error in meiosis that results in gametes with one less or more chromosome than they should have

Question 15

diploid

Answer 15

a cell that has homologous chromosomes (46 chromosomes, half from each parent); all non sex cells in an organism are diploids

Question 16

gamete

Answer 16

a sex cell( sperm in males, eggs in females)

Question 17

dominant gene

Answer 17

a version of a gene that is expressed more strongly than other versions of the same gene

Question 18

genotypic ratio

Answer 18

pattern of chromosomal genes in a generation

Question 19

autosome

Answer 19

the first 22 pairs of chromosomes

Question 20

heterozygous

Answer 20

zygote with different alleles

Question 21

homologous chromosomes

Answer 21

pair of chromosomes that contain the same genes, but in different versions; 46 chromosomes total, 23 from each parents

Question 22

haploid

Answer 22

a cell that has half the number of chromosomes (23); these are also called gametes

Question 23

zygote

Answer 23

the diploid cell that’s results from the combination of a male gamete and a female gamete

Question 24

recessive gene

Answer 24

a gene that is not expressed when a functioning copy of the gene is present

Question 25

phenotypic ratio

Answer 25

pattern of physical traits in a generation

Question 26

homozygous

Answer 26

zygote with same alleles