cellular respiration Flashcards
glycolysis
processing of carbs
glucose +O² -> energy + pyruvic acid
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
glucose + O₂ + ADP + phosphate → ATP + CO₂ + H₂O
Where does glycolysis occur?
in the cytoplasm of the cell
What are the reactants of glycolysis?
glucose, 2 ATP
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH
What happens to glucose during glycolysis?
2 ATPs get hydrolyzed, breaking the 6-carbon glucose into two 3-carbon groups
What are the 3-carbon groups formed during glycolysis called?
pyruvic acids
What is the net total of ATP produced in glycolysis?
2 ATPs
Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?
in the mitochondria
What are the reactants of pyruvate oxidation?
CoA, 2 pyruvic acids, oxygen
What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?
2 NADHs, 2 CO₂, acetyl CoA
What role does CoA play in pyruvate oxidation?
CoA takes some of the electrons from the 3-carbon groups in a redox reaction
What is produced when a carbon is broken off during pyruvate oxidation?
CO₂
During glycolysis, what happens to the electrons from the 3-carbon groups?
They are transferred to transporter molecules that become NADH
Fill in the blank: The coenzyme called _______ takes electrons from the 3-carbon groups in pyruvate oxidation.
CoA
True or False: Glycolysis results in a net gain of 4 ATP.
False
Where does the Krebs Cycle occur?
In the mitochondrial matrix
What are the reactants of the Krebs Cycle?
Acetyl CoA, Oxaloacetate
What are the products of the Krebs Cycle?
6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 4 CO2
How many times does the Krebs Cycle occur for each molecule of glucose?
Twice
What is the primary purpose of the Krebs Cycle?
To continually pull carbons apart and release their electrons onto electron transporters
What initiates the reaction in the Krebs Cycle?
The CoA compound
What happens to carbon chains during the Krebs Cycle?
They become smaller as electrons are removed and carbons are rearranged
What type of molecules are produced by reactions in the Krebs Cycle?
Energized molecules
What is the first product formed when acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate?
Citrate
What is produced from each cycle of the Krebs Cycle?
- 1 ATP (GTP)
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH2
- 2 CO2
What enzyme converts fumarate to malate?
Fumarase
What enzyme converts succinate to fumarate?
Succinate dehydrogenase
What enzyme is responsible for converting isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate?
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Fill in the blank: After 2 cycles of the Krebs Cycle, _______ ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 4 CO2 are produced.
2
True or False: Each glucose molecule yields 2 acetyl CoA groups for the Krebs Cycle.
True
What molecule is regenerated at the end of the Krebs Cycle to combine with acetyl CoA?
Oxaloacetate
What is the alternate name for the Krebs Cycle?
Citric Acid Cycle
What coenzyme is involved in the Krebs Cycle that accepts electrons?
NAD+
What is the location of oxidative phosphorylation?
Mitochondria
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria, specifically across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
What are the reactants of oxidative phosphorylation?
4 ATP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH
These reactants are essential for the process of oxidative phosphorylation to occur.
What are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?
30-32 ATP
This is the yield of ATP generated from the oxidative phosphorylation process.
What is the big picture objective of oxidative phosphorylation?
To pump H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane to power ATP synthesis
This process involves the combination of ADP and inorganic phosphate into ATP.
Which protein complexes are involved in oxidative phosphorylation?
Complex I, II, III, IV
These complexes are responsible for transporting electrons and H+ ions during the process.
What does NADH release into complex I?
Electrons and H+ ion
NADH contributes to the electron transport chain by releasing these components.
What happens to H+ ions after they are released by NADH?
They travel into the intermembrane space
This movement is crucial for creating a proton gradient used to synthesize ATP.
What is coenzyme Q’s role in oxidative phosphorylation?
Transport electrons from complex I and II to complex III
Coenzyme Q facilitates electron transfer in the electron transport chain.
What does complex IV do with the electrons from cytochrome c?
Combines them with oxygen
This reaction is vital for the formation of water (H2O) as a byproduct.
True or False: FADH2 releases its electrons through complex I.
False
FADH2 releases its electrons through complex II, not complex I.
Fill in the blank: The formation of _______ and the pumping of four H+ ions into the intermembrane space are powered by the process in complex IV.
H2O
This water formation is a crucial part of the oxidative phosphorylation process.
what is the movement through the inner mitochondrial membrane called
chemiosmosis
what must chemiosmosis happen through
ATP synthase
what does ATP synthase do
harnesses energy of H+ ions moving thru the inner mitochondrial matrix and uses it to offset energy needed to combine ADP with inorganic phosphate, creates 26 - 28 more ATP
