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Biology > Meiosis and Mitosis > Flashcards

Meiosis and Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

gametes

A

A haploid reproductive cell that can fuse with another haploid cell to form a zygote. Most multicellular eukaryotes have two distinct forms of gametes: egg cells (ova) and sperm cells.

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2
Q

somatic cell

A

Any type of cell in a multicellular organism except eggs, sperm, and their precursor cells. Also called body cells.

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3
Q

cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Typically occurs immediately after division of the nucleus by mitosis or meiosis.

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4
Q

What are the three key events mitosis catalyzes?

A
  • Growth
  • Wound repair
  • reproduction
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5
Q

Mitosis is an example of what type of reproduction?

A

Asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Chromosome

A

Gene-carrying structure consisting of a single long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g., histones). Most prokaryotic cells contain a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic cells contain multiple noncircular (linear) chromosomes located in the nucleus.

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7
Q

Chromatid

A

One of the two identical strands composing a replicated chromosome that is connected at the centromere to the other strand.

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8
Q

Sister Chromatid

A

The paired strands of a recently replicated chromosome, which are connected at the centromere and eventually separate during anaphase of mitosis and meiosis II.

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9
Q

mitotic phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle during which cell division occurs. Includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

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10
Q

interphase

A

The portion of the cell cycle between one mitotic (M) phase and the next. Includes the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase.

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11
Q

synthesis phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is synthesized and chromosomes are replicated.

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12
Q

cell cycle

A

Ordered sequence of events in which a eukaryotic cell replicates its chromosomes, evenly partitions the chromosomes to two daughter cells, and then undergoes division of the cytoplasm.

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13
Q

G2 phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle between synthesis of DNA (S phase) and mitosis (M phase); the last part of interphase.

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14
Q

G1 phase

A

The phase of the cell cycle that constitutes the first part of interphase before DNA synthesis (S phase).

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the gap phases?

A

-allow cell to complete all requirements for cell division, synthesize organelles, etc.

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16
Q

Histones

A

proteins associated with DNA in the chromatin of eukaryotic cells.

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17
Q

chromatin

A

The complex of DNA and proteins, mainly histones, that compose eukaryotic chromosomes. Can be highly compact (heterochromatin) or loosely coiled (euchromatin).

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18
Q

What is the order of the phases in mitosis

A
  • interphase
  • prophase
  • prometaphase
  • metaphase
  • anaphase
  • telaphase
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19
Q

prophase

A

The first stage in mitosis or meiosis during which chromosomes become visible and the mitotic spindle forms. Synapsis and crossing over occur during prophase of meiosis I.

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20
Q

spindle apparatus

A

The array of microtubules responsible for contacting and moving chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis; includes kinetochore microtubules and polar microtubules.

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21
Q

polar microtubles

A

Microtubules that form during mitosis and meiosis, and which extend from a spindle apparatus and overlap with each other in the middle of the cell.

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22
Q

kinetochore microtubles

A

Microtubules that form during mitosis and meiosis, and which extend from a spindle apparatus to an attachment point—the kinetochore—on a chromosome.

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23
Q

centrosome

A

Structure in animal and fungal cells, containing two centrioles, that serves as a microtubule-organizing center for the cell’s cytoskeleton and for the mitotic spindle during cell division.

24
Q

centrioles

A

One of two small cylindrical structures, structurally similar to a basal body, found together within the centrosome near the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.

25
Q

prometaphase

A

A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which the nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle fibers attach to chromatids.

26
Q

kinetochore

A

A protein structure at the centromere where spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids of a replicated chromosome. Contains motor proteins that move a chromosome along a microtubule.

27
Q

metaphase

A

A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.

28
Q

metaphase plate

A

The plane along which chromosomes line up during metaphase of mitosis or meiosis; not an actual structure.

29
Q

anaphase

A

A stage in mitosis or meiosis during which chromosomes are moved to opposite ends of the cell.

30
Q

telaphase

A

The final stage in mitosis or meiosis during which sister chromatids (replicated chromosomes in meiosis I) separate and new nuclear envelopes begin to form around each set of daughter chromosomes.

31
Q

cell plate

A

A double layer of new plasma membrane that appears in the middle of a dividing plant cell; ultimately divides the cytoplasm into two separate cells.

32
Q

cleavage furrow

A

A pinching-in of the plasma membrane that occurs as cytokinesis begins in animal cells and deepens until the cytoplasm is divided.

33
Q

How do microtubles seperate chromosomes from sister chromatids?

A

They shorten

34
Q

autosome

A

Any chromosome that does not carry genes involved in determining the sex of an individual

35
Q

sex chromosome

A

Any chromosome carrying genes involved in determining the sex of an individual.

36
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

In a diploid organism, chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and gene content. Also called homologs.

37
Q

karyotype

A

The distinctive appearance of all of the chromosomes in an individual, including the number of chromosomes and their length and banding patterns (after staining with dyes).

38
Q

diploid

A

(1) Having two sets of chromosome s (2n). (2) A cell or an individual organism with two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the maternal parent and one set from the paternal parent.

39
Q

haploid

A

A cell or organism with one set of chromosomes

40
Q

haploid number

A

The number of distinct chromosome sets in a cell. Symbolized as n.

41
Q

ploidy

A

The number of complete chromosome sets present. Haploid refers to a ploidy of 1; diploid, a ploidy of 2; triploid, a ploidy of 3; and tetraploid, a ploidy of 4.

42
Q

polyploidy

A

The state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes.

43
Q

Are replicated and unreplicated chromosomes considered one chromosome?

A

Yes

44
Q

tetrad

A

The structure formed by synapsed homologous chromosomes during prophase of meiosis I

45
Q

crossing over

A

The exchange of segments of non-sister chromatids between a pair of homologous chromosomes that occurs during meiosis I.

46
Q

meiosis I

A

The first cell division of meiosis, in which synapsis and crossing over occur, and homologous chromosomes are separated from each other, producing daughter cells with half as many chromosomes (each composed of two sister chromatids) as the parent cell.

47
Q

meiosis II

A

The second cell division of meiosis, in which sister chromatids are separated from each other. Similar to mitosis.

48
Q

Why is meiosis considered a reduction division?

A

Reduction of chromosome number by half

49
Q

zygote

A

The diploid cell formed by the union of two haploid gametes; a fertilized egg. Capable of undergoing embryological development to form an adult.

50
Q

synapsis

A

The physical pairing of two homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis. Crossing over occurs during synapsis.

51
Q

non-sister chromatids

A

The chromatids of a particular type of chromosome (after replication) with respect to the chromatids of its homologous chromosome. Crossing over occurs between non-sister chromatids.

52
Q

chiasma

A

The x-shpaed structure formed by non-sister chromatids during crossing over

53
Q

What are the phases of meiosis I?

A

Early prophase I, Late prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telaphase I

54
Q

What are the phases of meiosis II?

A

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telaphase II

55
Q

What is the key difference between meiosis and mitosis?

A

Meiosis homologs pair early but do not pair in mitosis.

56
Q

synaptonemal complex

A

A network of proteins that holds non-sister chromatids together during synapsis in meiosis I.

57
Q

outcrossing

A

Reproduction by fusion of the gametes of different individuals, rather than self-fertilization. Typically refers to plants.

Biology (15 decks)

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