Meiji Restoration

Question 1

Charles Tilly, Bottom Up Theory of Revolutions

Answer 1

Suggested a theory of collective mobilization, that holds that groups emerge before the failure of the state and influence a revolutionary agenda
Likens a revolution situation to a traffic jam; you can’t always predict where one will develop, how long it will last, or how many entities will be involved
The appearance of at least one contender with sufficient members vying for control is essential; so too is the state’s reluctance to use force against its opponents (what groups are contending for power)

Question 2

Hungtinton’s Varieties of Revolution

Answer 2

True revolutions only occur in modernizing or transitioning societies
Civilization-dependent revolutions; differs between western and eastern.

Question 3

Western Societies Revolution

Answer 3

Weak, traditional regime disintegrates with a minimum of force exerted against it
WEAK MONARCHY DISINTEGRATION
Struggle between moderates and radicals to determine the scope of revolutionary change
Moves from urban to rural
Emigration peaks at the beginning of the process
Violence and terror in the later stages

Question 4

Eastern Societies Revolution

Answer 4

Narrowly based but modernizing regimes
VIOLENCE AND TERROR ARE ENDEMIC; STATE IS NOT WEAK
OCCURS IN RURAL SOCIETIES

Requires armed insurrection to overthrow
Moves from rural to urban
Moderates join one side or the other or are eliminated entirely

Question 5

The Meiji Constitution of 1889

Answer 5

which remained the constitution of Japan until 1947, after World War II—was largely written by Itō Hirobumi and created a parliament, or Diet, with a lower house elected by the people and a prime minister and cabinet appointed by the emperor.

Question 5

What is the role of Choschu and Satsuma?

Answer 5

two powerful anti-Tokugawa clans; declared an imperial restoration in the name of the Emperor Meiji

Question 5

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 5

The main cause of the Russo-Japanese war was that both countries had a claim on Manchuria, an area located in the Korean Empire and partly in both Russia and China. The Japanese responded with a surprise attack on the Russian Far East Fleet at Port Arthur in China on February 8, 1904, kicking off the Russo-Japanese War.

Question 6

Meiji Restoration,

Answer 6

in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of the Tokugawa shogunate (military government)—thus ending the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603–1867)

Question 7

Meiji period (1868–1912)

Answer 7

that brought about the modernization and Westernization of the country.

Question 8

Tokugawa

Answer 8

family, a warrior clan that had ruled Japan for more than 260 years, was overthrown by a group of political activists who proclaimed that their goal was to restore the imperial family to power.

Question 9

Boshin War

Answer 9

sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution or Japanese Civil War, was a civil war in Japan fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and a coalition seeking to seize political power in the name of the Imperial Court.

Question 10

Charter Oath:

Answer 10

abolishes the samurai as a class; Feudal structure ends and reorganization began: no set plan in place and there is a lot of trial and error, overriding goal remains a strong state

Question 11

Emperor Mutsuhito

Answer 11

Mutsuhito posthumously honored as Emperor Meiji; victory achieved through force, not popular uprising; goal: rebirth of Japan along western lines

Question 12

Yoshinobu:

Answer 12

said daimyo would remain too weak and divided to undermine his authority (the shogun of the time)

Question 13

Sankinkotye:

Answer 13

: Japanese feudal system; designed to impoverish outer Daimyo so they would not revolt

Question 14

Outer Daimyo:

Answer 14

seek to overthrow the Tokuwaga and restore rule by the emperor

Question 15

Bunkyu Reforms:

Answer 15

The Bunkyu Reform was a series of policy changes covering personnel affairs, office organization and various rules and regulations carried out by the Edo bakufu (Japanese feudal government headed by a shogun) in 1862.

Question 16

Matthew Perry

Answer 16

Negotiates trade with Japan; When Perry returns, he brings more war ships and makes it clear that he won’t leave until treaty is signed: Japan concedes to all American demands (Americans obtain the right to station diplomatic representative in Japan) TREATY OF KANAGAWA; none of the shoguns signed the treaty, a lower level functionary signs it shogunate claims it has no power because they didn’t sign it; stalling for time to build up military

Question 17

Extraterritoriality:

Answer 17

means that if you are a British subject in china, and you commit a crime, as soon as you identify yourself as a British subject; British citizens are not subject to chinese law

Question 18

What is the Satcho Alliance?

Answer 18

The Satsuma–Chōshū Alliance (薩摩長州同盟, Satsuma Chōshū dōmei), or Satchō Alliance (薩長同盟, Satchō dōmei) was a powerful military alliance between the feudal domains of Satsuma and Chōshū formed in 1866 to combine their efforts to restore Imperial rule and overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan.

Question 19

Satsuma clan

Answer 19

The Satsuma Domain was one of the most powerful and prominent of Japan’s domains during the Edo period, conquering the Ryukyu Kingdom as a vassal state after the invasion of Ryukyu in 1609, and clashing with the British during the bombardment of Kagoshima in 1863 after the Namamugi Incident. The Satsuma Domain formed the Satchō Alliance with the rival Chōshū Domain during the Meiji Restoration and became instrumental in the establishment of the Empire of Japan.

Question 20

Ii Naosuke,

Answer 20

(born Nov. 29, 1815, Hikone, Japan—died March 24, 1860, Edo [now Tokyo]), Japanese feudal lord and statesman who was responsible for Japan’s signing the first treaty of commerce with the United States (1858), opening the country to Western influence, and for the last attempt at reasserting the traditional political role of the Tokugawa (the dynasty of Japan’s military rulers) before its fall in 1867.

Question 21

TREATY OF KANAGAWA;

Answer 21

When Perry returns, he brings more war ships and makes it clear that he won’t leave until treaty is signed: Japan concedes to all American demands (Americans obtain the right to station diplomatic representative in Japan) TREATY OF KANAGAWA; none of the shoguns signed the treaty, a lower level functionary signs it shogunate claims it has no power because they didn’t sign it; stalling for time to build up military

Question 22

Harris Treaty;

Answer 22

Harris then arrives in Japan; going to negotiate an actual trade agreement between countries/ Harris Treaty; opens four Japan trading ports to the US
^^Grants the principle of extraterritoriality: Americans are under American law in Japan

Question 23

Huntington’s idea on revolution?

Answer 23

as societies modernize they become more complex and disordered and if politics and institutions aren’t modernized as well developed to incorporate new elements, revolution can occur (top down)

Question 24

define the theory of balanced development?

Answer 24

Balanced development: a stronger state engineers what he calls a “managed transition” from the top down that is able to mitigate and dilute the impact of revolutionary movements and enable the state to largely retain control of the transition between regime type.