Mao's Revolution Flashcards
Huntington’s “Varieties of Revolution”
“Western”
Weak, traditional regime (monarchy) disintegrates with a minimum of force exerted against it
Struggle between moderates and radicals to determine the scope of revolutionary change
Moves from urban to rural
Emigration peaks at the beginning of the process
Violence and terror in the later stages (against moderates or other original
members of the revolutionary coalition)
“Hundred Days of Reform”
Hundred Days of Reform, (1898), in Chinese history, imperial attempt at renovating the Chinese state and social system. It occurred after the Chinese defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the ensuing rush for concessions in China on the part of Western imperialist powers.
Boxer Rebellion
The uprising was initiated by a Chinese secret society called the Yihetuan (Righteous and Harmonious Fists). This group practised a form of martial arts that resembled boxing, at least to Western eyes. The ‘Boxers’, as they became known, embarked on an armed campaign to drive all foreigners out of China.
The Three People’s Principles, Sunyat Sun
Principle of Minzu – “nationalism”, populism or “the people’s rule/government”
Principle of Minquan– “democracy” or The People’s Power (China should become a republic)
Principle of Minsheng – The People’s welfare/livelihood – a kind of social welfare (everyone’s needs met)
How are the Qing regarded by Chinese society?
Qing are regarded as an alien ruling group; rule according to Confucian values; attempt to achieve multicultural dynastic state
How was China slowly losing control of the periphery?
Population increase leads to strained economy, famines, less control of the “periphery” regions outside urban/central power
Most local armies begin to be loyal to local warlords instead of the state, undermining the Qing
Chinese Republic Revolution
Chinese Republic Revolution: begins by accident when some revolutionaries blow up a butcher’s shop; n October of 1911, a group of revolutionaries in southern China led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the Republic of China and ending the imperial system.
Yuan Shiki:
Yuan Shikai was a Chinese general and politician who served as the second provisional president of the Republic of China and head of the Beiyang government
Yuan Shikai supported the empress dowager Cixi in her suppression of the Hundred Days Reform.
How are the opium wars experienced in China?
Opium wars are experienced as a crisis
British are interested in China due to their extensive resources
Nanjing Treaty and Opium wars
first unequal treaty between China and Brtain; Britain gains control of Chinese trade, foreign policy, creates extraterriorality to continue trading opium; Even though China creates laews against opium trade, British can still do it anyway because of this
Guomindang
-Sun Yat-sen merges several smaller parties to form the Guomindang (GMD)on August 25, 1912 to oppose Yuan Shikai’s government in elections
- FUNCTIONED UNDER SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY
-Win an overwhelming majority in the first National Assembly election (February 1913) but Yuan (current ruler at the time) ignores the parliament and continues to rule; bases his authority on the use of military force; accelerates China’s decline; China is ruled by military dictator
Japanese Twenty-One Demands
As Japanese look at China, they view it as insane and a magnet for disaster
January 1915 Japanese PM has a list of demands, Twenty One Demands for China (Category 5 are a step beyond:would cede further chinease sovereignty to Japan; China must hire Japanese officials to run its government/control the state)
National Humiliation Day
National Humiliation Day: colonization of large portions of China by Japan
Yuan Shiki leaks the Twenty One Demands to British and Americans to point out how ridiculous the fifth category is
Japan backpeddles and removes fifth category
Yuan shiki dies in 1916; central authority collapses with his death
Obesian Anarchy:
Hobbes, Leviathin, a war of all against all (creates emergence of powers,none of which are strong enough to rule the entire country)
May the 4th Movement:
The May Fourth Movement was a Chinese cultural and anti-imperialist political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919; (gives broader form to new movement “New Culture Movement” Leaders propose cultural solutions to China’s problems and attributed the problem to Confucian philosphy)