Mao's Revolution

Question 1

Huntington’s “Varieties of Revolution”

Answer 1

“Western”
Weak, traditional regime (monarchy) disintegrates with a minimum of force exerted against it
Struggle between moderates and radicals to determine the scope of revolutionary change
Moves from urban to rural
Emigration peaks at the beginning of the process
Violence and terror in the later stages (against moderates or other original
members of the revolutionary coalition)

Question 2

“Hundred Days of Reform”

Answer 2

Hundred Days of Reform, (1898), in Chinese history, imperial attempt at renovating the Chinese state and social system. It occurred after the Chinese defeat in the Sino-Japanese War (1894–95) and the ensuing rush for concessions in China on the part of Western imperialist powers.

Question 3

Boxer Rebellion

Answer 3

The uprising was initiated by a Chinese secret society called the Yihetuan (Righteous and Harmonious Fists). This group practised a form of martial arts that resembled boxing, at least to Western eyes. The ‘Boxers’, as they became known, embarked on an armed campaign to drive all foreigners out of China.

Question 4

The Three People’s Principles, Sunyat Sun

Answer 4

Principle of Minzu – “nationalism”, populism or “the people’s rule/government”
Principle of Minquan– “democracy” or The People’s Power (China should become a republic)
Principle of Minsheng – The People’s welfare/livelihood – a kind of social welfare (everyone’s needs met)

Question 5

How are the Qing regarded by Chinese society?

Answer 5

Qing are regarded as an alien ruling group; rule according to Confucian values; attempt to achieve multicultural dynastic state

Question 6

How was China slowly losing control of the periphery?

Answer 6

Population increase leads to strained economy, famines, less control of the “periphery” regions outside urban/central power
Most local armies begin to be loyal to local warlords instead of the state, undermining the Qing

Question 7

Chinese Republic Revolution

Answer 7

Chinese Republic Revolution: begins by accident when some revolutionaries blow up a butcher’s shop; n October of 1911, a group of revolutionaries in southern China led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the Republic of China and ending the imperial system.

Question 8

Yuan Shiki:

Answer 8

Yuan Shikai was a Chinese general and politician who served as the second provisional president of the Republic of China and head of the Beiyang government
Yuan Shikai supported the empress dowager Cixi in her suppression of the Hundred Days Reform.

Question 9

How are the opium wars experienced in China?

Answer 9

Opium wars are experienced as a crisis
British are interested in China due to their extensive resources

Question 10

Nanjing Treaty and Opium wars

Answer 10

first unequal treaty between China and Brtain; Britain gains control of Chinese trade, foreign policy, creates extraterriorality to continue trading opium; Even though China creates laews against opium trade, British can still do it anyway because of this

Question 11

Guomindang

Answer 11

-Sun Yat-sen merges several smaller parties to form the Guomindang (GMD)on August 25, 1912 to oppose Yuan Shikai’s government in elections
- FUNCTIONED UNDER SOCIALIST IDEOLOGY
-Win an overwhelming majority in the first National Assembly election (February 1913) but Yuan (current ruler at the time) ignores the parliament and continues to rule; bases his authority on the use of military force; accelerates China’s decline; China is ruled by military dictator

Question 12

Japanese Twenty-One Demands

Answer 12

As Japanese look at China, they view it as insane and a magnet for disaster
January 1915 Japanese PM has a list of demands, Twenty One Demands for China (Category 5 are a step beyond:would cede further chinease sovereignty to Japan; China must hire Japanese officials to run its government/control the state)

Question 13

National Humiliation Day

Answer 13

National Humiliation Day: colonization of large portions of China by Japan
Yuan Shiki leaks the Twenty One Demands to British and Americans to point out how ridiculous the fifth category is
Japan backpeddles and removes fifth category
Yuan shiki dies in 1916; central authority collapses with his death

Question 14

Obesian Anarchy:

Answer 14

Hobbes, Leviathin, a war of all against all (creates emergence of powers,none of which are strong enough to rule the entire country)

Question 15

May the 4th Movement:

Answer 15

The May Fourth Movement was a Chinese cultural and anti-imperialist political movement which grew out of student protests in Beijing on May 4, 1919; (gives broader form to new movement “New Culture Movement” Leaders propose cultural solutions to China’s problems and attributed the problem to Confucian philosphy)

Question 16

Woodrow’s relationship with China

Answer 16

Woodrow Wilson encourages Chinese to believe that he will protect their interests
Woodrow intends to breakdown imperialism; but he was highly racist, saying that some people are prepared for independence and others are not: but when the Paris Peace Conference (general title for peace treaties including Versailles Treaty) does not return the lost lands to China; it gives them to other powers; give control of territories back over to Japan

Question 17

Empress Cixi

Answer 17

Crushed reform movement attempting to westernize japan

Question 18

what was the initial relationship between Chinese communist party and soviet’s like? WHY DID THEY DETERIOTE?

Answer 18

Chinese communist party and Soviet Union: INITIALLY VERY STRONGLY TIED
Deteriorated based on doctrinal differences: Mao wanted mobilization of the peasantry, and Soviets were strongly against this: and thought it should be a mobilization of the proletariat instead. Split again when Mao started criticising Soviet communism and leadership.

Question 19

What does the death of Sunyat Sun do to the Gloamandang and Chinese Communist Party?

Answer 19

Death of Sunyat Sun, 1925, upends the close ties between Glomangdang and Chinese communist party; not everyone in the Glomandang wanted the alliance with the communist part

Question 20

Leftist and rightist faction of the Glomandang

Answer 20

Leftist Faction: wants to maintain alliance with communist party
Rightest Faction: closer to Chinese elites; newly organized Glomandaung army

Question 21

What happens when police open fire on Glomandang demonstrations of anti-imperialism? (May movement)

Answer 21

RADICALIZES THE MOVEMENT AND TWO BOYCOTTS, STRIKES AND CONTINUE

Question 22

Northern Expedition:

Answer 22

military expedition to crush warlords and unify China
Three Main Attacks: one by Glomandang at Wuhan, one directed against Shanghai, one directed against Nanjing (unifies southern China under the control of the Glomandang)

Question 23

Wang Jingwei: c

Answer 23

commander of forces moving against Wuhan; allied with Chinese communists, declares that the national government has moved its seat to Wuhan and appoints himself as leader of the national government (more influence, more power than Changkishek) Wang Zhaoming,[a] widely known by his pen name Wang Jingwei[b] (4 May 1883 – 10 November 1944), was a Chinese politician who was president of the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China, a puppet state of Japan. He was initially a member of the left wing of the Kuomintang, leading a government in Wuhan in opposition to the right-wing government in Nanjing, but later became increasingly anti-communist after his efforts to collaborate with the Chinese Communist Party ended in political failure.

Question 24

Shanghai Massacre

Answer 24

declares communist ideology and influence socially and economically disruptive, purge of communists begin (seizing/killing leadership of communist party) (Mao survives and flees)

Question 25

Sun-Joffe Manifesto

Answer 25

Combined effort to unify China between the Comintern, the GMD and CCP (1923) as a result of the Sun-Joffe Manifesto
(Adolph Joffe was the Soviet representative in Shanghai)

Question 26

How is Mao’s marxism different from classic marxism?

Answer 26

Advocates for independent military reform to counter Gomandang
Believed that the working classes and the party would serve as “the vanguard”
Lenin said the Bolshevik party would serve as the vanguard (the seat of the rebellion) Mao modifies this and says the party and the working classes will form the Chinese vanguard
China doesn’t have that many working classes: it has an abundant of peasants/rural peasants; so instead alters emphasis from workers to the mobilization of rural peasantry
Mao’s views are controversial within the communist party and within the commutern: the Soviet advisors dismiss the idea of mobilizing rural peasants