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ESA2 > MEH - Nutrition Diet & Body Weight & Bioenergy > Flashcards

MEH - Nutrition Diet & Body Weight & Bioenergy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the essential components of the diet (7)?

A

Protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, vitamins, fibre, water

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2
Q

What is metabolism defined as?

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of pathways of metabolism?

A

Oxidative - breaks down food into energy
Biosynthetic - produces basic building blocks for cells
Fuel storage and mobilisation - when not eating or need increased energy
Detoxification pathways - remove toxins e.g. CYP450s

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4
Q

What is energy?

A

The capacity to work

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5
Q

How is energy stored in the body? Where in ATP is where the most energy is stored?

A

Mainly in chemical bonds to drive energy-requiring activities. The phophodiester bond between the beta and gamma phosphates

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6
Q

Give 5 examples of what energy is needed for in the body?

A 
Ion transport
Muscle contraction 
Biosynthesis 
Thermogenesis
Detoxification
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7
Q

A ‘calorie’ in everyday language is actually how much? Convert 1Kcal to kJoules

A

1000 calories
or 1 Kcal

1 Kcal is 4.2kJoules

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8
Q

What is the official SI unit of food energy?

A

kJ

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9
Q

Glucose + frutose =

A

Sucrose

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10
Q

Glucose + galactose =

A

Lactose

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11
Q

What is starch?

A

A polymer of glucose

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12
Q

Glucose + glucose =

A

maltose

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13
Q

What are the three monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, galactose, fructose

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14
Q

How many essential amino acids are there?

A

9

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15
Q

What are the 9 essential amino acids?

A 
Isoleucine 
Lysine
Threonine
Histidine
Leucine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Tryptophan
Valine
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16
Q

What is a conditionally essential amino acid? Give 3 examples

A

AA that become essential at times where AA can’t be synthesised quick enough e.g. pregnancy so need to be in diet to supplement. Arginine, tyrosine and cysteine.

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17
Q

Why are proteins from plant origin considered lower quality?

A

As they are normally deficient in one or more essential amino acids

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18
Q

What is lipid composed of?

A

Three triacylglycerols (Fatty acids) esterified to one glycerol

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19
Q

What is the difference in the structure between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A

Saturated - no double bonds - solid at room temp

Unsaturated - has one or more double bonds - liquid at room temp

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20
Q

Why does fat release more energy when oxidised compared to carbs or protein?

A

Because it has less oxygen (so is more reduced) than carbs or protein.

21
Q

What vitamins are fat-soluble, so require fat intake?

A

ADEK

22
Q

What are the two primary essential fatty acids? Why are these essential?

A

Linoleic and Linolenic acids (Omega 6 and 3). As they cannot be synthesised in the body

23
Q

Why do we need intake of minerals e.g. electrolytes

A

To maintain ion gradients across membranes and maintain water balance

24
Q

Why do we need intake of minerals e.g. calcium and phosphorus?

A

For bones and teeth

Ca also important for signalling

25
Q

Why do we need intake of minerals e.g. iron manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum?

A

They are enzyme cofactors

26
Q

Why do we need intake of minerals e.g. iron?

A

Essential for Hb synthesis

27
Q

Are vitamins essential for life? What happens in folate deficiency for example?

A

Yes. Anaemia, neural tube defects in foetus

28
Q

Why does dietary fibre reduced atherosclerosis?

A

Because fibre sequesters bile salts and excretes them. Bile salts are used normally to make cholesterol

29
Q

Can fibre be broken down by human enzymes? Give 4 examples of fibres

A

No.

Cellulose, Lignin, Pectins, Gums

30
Q

What do starch, glycogen and cellulose all have in common?

A

They are polymers of glucose

31
Q

Why can’t humans break down cellulose?

A

Don’t have the enzymes to break the beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds

32
Q

Low fibre intake is associated with _____ and ______ ______

A

Constipation and bowel cancer

33
Q

What is the normal daily energy expenditure for M/F and what 3 things is it the sum of?

A

M - 12,000kJ/day
F - 9500kJ/day

Sum of:
Basal metabolic rate
Diet-induced thermogenesis
Physical activity level

34
Q

Broadly what does basal metabolic rate do? What three functions in the body does it have?

A

Maintains resting activities of the body

1) Maintenance of cells e.g. ions across membranes
2) Function of organs
3) Maintaining body temp

35
Q

Which organs/tissues take up a large % of BMR?

A

Skeletal muscle - 30%
Liver - 20%
Brain - 20%
Heart - 10%

36
Q

State 5 factors that affects BMR

A
  • Gender
  • Body size
  • Cold temp increases
  • Endocrine (e.g. hyperthyroidism)
  • Body temp
37
Q

What is the equation for BMI and figures for Underweight, normal, overweight, obese, severely obese. What is the weakness with BMI?

A 
BMI = weight/height2 (Kg/m2).
Underweight - Below 18.5
Normal over 18.5
Overweight over 25
Obese over 30
Severely obese over 35

Very muscular may be wrongly classified as obese

38
Q

What happens in protein deficiency disease Kwashiorkor?

A

Low protein diet leads to low protein in blood (e.g. albumin), reduced oncotic pressure, so oedema around abdomen.

39
Q

Does exergonic require energy? What would the gibbs free energy be?

A

No releases it

Less than 0

40
Q

Does endergonic require energy?

A

Yes requires it

More than 0

41
Q

What is a H carrier molecule?

A

When fuel molecules are oxidised, protons and electrons are transferred to carrier molecules

42
Q

What are 3 major carrier molecules in their oxidised or reduced forms?

A

Oxidised Reduced
NAD+ NADH
NADP+ NADPH
FAD FADH2

43
Q

What is the role of carrier molecules? What role does NADH and NADPH have?

A

Act as carriers of reducing power.

NADH - ATP synthesis
NADPH - biosynthesis

44
Q

When converting carrier molecules to reduced form, how many H+ atoms are added?

A

2

45
Q

What is a reducing equivalent?

A

A species which transfer the equivalent of one electron in redox reactions (i.e. a lone e- or H+ atom [contains a proton and electron])

46
Q

How can reducing equivalents be used to drive energy requiring activities in the body?

A

Either directly: NADPH - Biosynthesis

Or indirectly - via coupling NADH to ATP synthesis

47
Q

Catabolic pathways are activated by (low/high) energy signals e.g. (4)

A

Low energy signals (oxidised forms of)

ADP/AMP
NAD+
NADP+
FAD

48
Q

How is excess energy stored in the body? What is the relevance of creatine phosphate? Where is the energy in creatine phosphate?

A

Normally as glycogen or fat stores
Skeletal muscle needs to mobilise fuel quickly so haas a store of creatine phosphate. Energy is stored in the phosphate bond.

ESA2 (37 decks)

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