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ESA2 > MEH - Metabolism and Exercise > Flashcards

MEH - Metabolism and Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What two fuels are normally available in the blood for use?

A 
Glucose (little free glucose - more glycogen stores)
Fatty acids (from triacylglycerol)
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2
Q

What fuels are available under special conditions?

A

Amino acids
Ketone bodies
Lactate

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3
Q

How is PFK regulated?

A

Hormonal - insulin stimulates

Allosteric - stimulated by high AMP

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4
Q

How is TCA cycle regulated?

A

Stimulated by high ADP and NAD+

Inhibited by isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADH

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5
Q

What is Fatty acid transport into mitochondria (carnitine shuttle) inhibited by?

A

Malonyl co A (intermediate in FA synthesis) Prevents newly synthesised FA from being immediately transported into mitochondria and oxidised

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6
Q

Where are ketone bodies made?

A

Liver from acetyl co A

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7
Q

When might you see ketone body formation?

A

Starvation

Diabetes - untreated

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8
Q

What level should blood glucose be kept at?

A

3.6-6mmol/L

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9
Q

What levels of glucose is hypoglycaemia?

A

<3mmol/L

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10
Q

What are some symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A 
CNS problems
staggering
confusion
slurred speech
loss of consciousness
death
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11
Q

How many g or kg store do we have of: Glycogen, fat, amino acid?

A

400g
10-15kg
6kg

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12
Q

Where is glycogen made and stored?

A

Liver and muscle

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13
Q

Which two hormones promote fuel storage and are therefore anabolic?

A

Insulin

Growth hormone

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14
Q

Which 4 hormones promote fuel breakdown and are therefore catabolic?

A

Glucagon
Adrenaline
Cortisol
Thyroid

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15
Q

Reduction of blood glucose stimulates what hormones? What do these hormones do?

A

Cortisol
Glucagon

Stimulate gluconeogenesis
Glycogenolysis

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16
Q

Reduced insulin and effect of cortisol (inhibits insulin) stimulates what kind of fuel use?

A

Fatty acids

17
Q

What two ways can fats be used to make energy in starvation? What happens when fat stores run out?

A

Glycerol - gluconeogenesis
Fatty acids - ketones

Need to break down proteins - ketogenic and glucogenic

18
Q

How can loss of muscle mass in starvation lead to death?

A

Loss of respiratory muscles

Respiratory infection

19
Q

Which 4 systems require adaptations during exercise?

A

Respiratory
Cardiovascular
Musculoskeletal
Temperature regulation

20
Q

What does the metabolic response to excercise need to ensure it maintains?

A

Blood glucose to brain
Mobilise stores for fuel energy
Minimal disturbances to metabolic homeostasis but keep mobilisation equal to rate of utilisation
End products removed as quickly as possible

21
Q

What are the first immediate sources of energy in exercise?

A

ATP - 2 seconds

Phosphocreatine - 5 seconds

22
Q

What is the next source of energy? How is it used?

A

Glycogen - 2 mins in sprint or 1 hour of low intensity exercise

Glycolysis
Oxidative phosphorylation

23
Q

What uses most of the ATP in muscles?

A

Myosin ATPase ~70%. Rest goes to other cellular processes like maintaining ionic gradients across the cell membrane.

24
Q

How does adrenaline increase energy in exercise? Which enzyme?

A

Stimulates glycogenolysis

Glycogen phosphorylase

25
Q

What is the principal organ for regulating blood glucose?

A

Liver

26
Q

How does the liver increase glucose during exercise?

A

Glycogenolysis

Gluconeogensis

27
Q

What is the cori cycle?

A

Liver recycles lactate from anaerobic metabolism and converts it to glucose

28
Q

How does muscle take up glucose during exercise if theres no insulin promoting GLUT4 translocation to membrane?

A

There is an insulin independent process of glucose uptake (increased AMP stimulates AMPK resulting in signal cascade which increases GLUT4 translocation).

29
Q

Why are fatty acids needed as fuel during prolonged excercise?

A

1) Liver doesn’t produce enough glucose

2) Need to maintain glucose levels for brain

30
Q

Why is fatty acid metabolism slow?

A

Because it is limited by the carnitine shuttle
Slow release from adipose tissue
Low rate of ATP production but high capacity for sustained production

31
Q

What are the problems with anaerobic metabolism?

A

Incomplete glucose metabolism
Produces Lactate - reduces pH acidosis and fatigue
Inefficient - only 2ATP

32
Q

What fuel would a sprinter use for 100m?

A

Initial ATP and phosphocreatine
then
muscle glycogen

33
Q

What fuel would a middle distance runner use?

A

60% aerobic
40% anaerobic

Initial phosphocreatine and anaerobic glycogen metabolism
Long middle phase aerobically from muscle glycogen
Finish aerobic metabolism of glycogen –> lactate

34
Q

What fuels would a marathon runner use?

A

95% aerobic
Muscle glycogen
Liver glycogen
Fatty acids

35
Q

How long does muscle glycogen stores last compared to liver glycogen? After how long does fatty acid fuel use occur in exercise?

A

Muscle - few minutes
Liver - 1 hour
20-30mins fatty acid utilisation

36
Q

How do hormones control the metabolic response to running a marathon?

A

Insulin - falls steadily (inhibited by adrenaline)
Glucagon levels rise:
Increased glycogenolysis (glycogen phosphorylase)
Stimulates gluconeogenesis (PEPCK and fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase)
Stimulates lipolysis (hormone sensitive lipase)
Adrenaline and growth hormone rise rapidly
Adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis and lipolysis
Growth hormone mobilised fatty acids (lipolysis)
Cortisol rises slowly - stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis

37
Q

What are the benefits of exercise (6)? Star the ones that are important for diabetics

A

*Body composition changes - decreased fat increased muscle
*Glucose tolerance improves - muscle glycogenesis
*Insulin sensitivity of tissues increases
*Blood triglycerides decrease
*Blood pressure falls
Psychological effects of well-being

ESA2 (37 decks)

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