MedTerm Ch.6 Flashcards
Arthr/o
Articul/o
Joint
Burs/o
Sac, purse, bursa
Carp/o
Wrist
Chondr/o
cartilage
Condyl/o
Knuckle of joint
Cost/o
rib
Cran/o, crani/o
skull, cranium
Fasci/o
fascia
Femor/o
thigh, femur
Fibr/o
fiber
Fibul/o
fibula
Ili/o
lank, hip, groin, ilium of the pelvis
Ischi/o
haunch, hip joint, ischium
Menisc/o
meniscus
Muscul/o, My/o, myos/o
muscle
Myel/o
bone marrow
Orth/o
straight
Oste/o
bone
Pariet/o
wall
Patell/o
patella
Ped/o
child
Petr/o
stone
Phalang/o
phalanges
Phys/o
growth
Pub/o
pubis
Radi/o
radius
Sacr/o
scared, sacrum
Skelet/o
skeleton
Spondyl/o
vertebra
Stern/o
chest, sternum
Synov/o, synovi/o
synovial
Tars/o
tarsal bone
Ten/o, tendon/o
stretch, tendon
Vertebr/o
vertebra
Diseases of the skeletal and muscular systems result from:
- Physical injury
- Infections
- Tumor development
- Endocrine disease
- Inherited disorders
Orthopedics
Branch of medicine focusing on these diseases
•Physician specializing in this field of medicine is called an orthopedist
dys-
bad, abnormal, painful, difficult
hyper-
excessive, abnormally high, above
Kinesi/o
motion
Tax/o
reaction to a stimulus, movement
Troph/o
development
-algia
condition of pain
-dynia
condition of pain
-ia
condition of
-y
process of`
Arthralgia
- Condition of joint pain
- Often the first symptom of joint or bone disease
Ataxia
Inability to coordinate muscles during a voluntary activity
•Sign of a nervous system disorder, often inherited, that results in a loss of muscle coordination
Atrophy
- Lacking development, or wasting
- Seen when movement of a limb is prohibited
- reduction in muscle strength due to disuse
Bradykinesia
- Condition of slow motion
- muscle or nervous disorder
Decalcification
- Abnormal reduction of calcium in bone
- caused by a hormonal disorder upsetting the calcium balance between the bloodstream and bone
- Tx: Hormonal therapy, increased Vitamin D
Dyskinesia
- Condition of bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult motion
-
Dystrophy
- Process of bad, abnormal, painful, or difficult development
- General symptom of progressive muscle weakness that results from a genetic mutation
Hypertrophy
- Sign of excessive muscle growth or development
- Abnormality, but often induced by weight-training activities
•Produced by addition of protein to muscle fibers
Myalgia
Condition of muscle pain
Tenodynia
Tendon pain
para-
alongside, abnormal
ankyl/o
crooked
carcin/o
cancer
kyph/o
hump
leuk/o
white
lith/o
stone
lord/o
bent forward
por/o
hole
sarc/o
flesh, meat
scoli/o
curved
spondyl/o
vertebra
-asthenia
weakness
-cele
hernia, swelling, protrusion
-genesis
origin, cause
-malacia
softening
-plasia
formation, growth
-plegia
paralysis
-ptosis
drooping
Achondroplasia
“without cartilage formation
- Involved the abnormal lack of growth of the skeleton (mainly long bones) resulting in a short and disproportional body form
- Disease that causes dwarfism
Ankylosis
- Joints are abnormally stiff and movement is difficult
- abnormal adhesion of two bones, which damages the joint structure between them
Arthritis
General disorder resulting in inflammation and degeneration of a joint
Two major forms, each with a different cause
- Osteoarthritis (OA)
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Arthrochondritis
- Inflammation of articular cartilage within synovial joints
- Results in joint pain during movements
Bunion
- Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
- Caused by an inflammation of a bursa near the big toe
Bursitis
Inflammation of a bursa`
Bursolith
Calcium deposit or stone within a bursa
- Diagnosis is confirmed with an x-ray and is often surgically removed
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Repetitive stress injury of the wrist, characterized by inflammation of the wrist
- Pressure on the median nerve
Carpoptosis
- Also known as “wrist drop”, literally means “drooping of the wrist”
- Weakness of the wrist that results in difficulty supporting the hand
Cramps
- Prolonged, involuntary muscular contractions (cramps) cause pain wherever they occur
Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD)
- A progressive disease of the joints in which the cartilage degenerates
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
- A condition that causes skeletal muscle degeneration with progressive muscle weakness and deterioration
- No cure
Epicondylitis
- Inflammation of the epicondyles (small bony elevations on the humerus near the elbow joint) usually due to an injury
Fibromyalgia
- A disease of unknown origin that produces widespread pain of musculoskeletal structures of the limbs, face, and trunk
Gout
Caused by an abnormal accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints; usually affects the big toe joints
Herniated disk
- Rupture of an intervertebral disk
- Causes pressure against spinal nerves or the spinal cord to produce back pain
- Often caused by a sudden movement or an attempt to lift a heavy object
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
- Scoliosis
- Curve in upper back (hump)
- Curve in lower back (bent forward)
- Lateral curveture
Marfan’s syndrome
- Congenital disease in which excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal plates results in abnormally long limbs and a tall, thin body form
- The heart valves of individuals with this disease are also deformed, resulting in valvular heart disease
Meniscitis
Inflammation of a meniscus that results in joint pain`
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
“serious muscle weakness”
- A condition caused by a progressive failure of muscles to respond to nerve stimulation
Myeloma
“tumor of bone marrow”
Myocele
Protrusion of muscle through its fascia
Myositis
Inflammation of a muscle
Osteitis
Inflammation of bone”
- Bone tissue becomes inflamed when injured or exposed to infection
Paget disease (Osteitis deformans)
Disease that results in bone deformities due to the acceleration of bone loss
- Common symptoms are severe bone pain and frequent fractures
- Osteosarcoma
Bone cancer arising from connective tissue, usually within the bone itself
- Aggressive form of cancer, striking mostly the young and middle teens
Leukemia
“condition of white blood”
- A form of cancer that originates from cells within the blood-forming tissue of the red marrow
Osteogenesis imperfecta
An inherited disease resulting in impaired bone growth and fragile bones
- it is a progressive disease, leading to severe bone pain, skeletal deformities, and frequent fractures
Osteomalacia
A disease resulting in the softening of bones
- Cause is usually a hormonal imbalance, resulting in the gradual loss of calcium from bone tissue
Osteomyelitis
Inflammation of the red bone marrow
- Usual cause is a bacterial infection
Osteoporosis
Abnormal loss of bone density (especially among postmenopausal women)
- Results in a loss of posture and flexibility and an increased risk of fractures
Paraplegia
Loss of sensation or voluntary movement of the area of the body below the hips, including both legs
Polymyositis
“inflammation of many muscles”
- Autoimmune disease – white blood cells attack health tissue
Rickets
•A disease in which the bones become softened due to the excessive removal of calcium for other body functions
- Children with a long-term deficiency of vitamin D or calcium in the diet may exhibit bowed legs and growth retardation
Rotator cuff injury
A trauma to the shoulder can tear one or more tendons and muscles resulting in local inflammation, pain, and joint dislocation
Spinal cord injury (SCI)
Trauma to the vertebral column
- Can cause paralysis of areas of the body below the vertebral level of the injury
Spondyloarthritis
“inflammation of joints of vertebrae”
- Most common symptom is low back pain
Sprain
Tear of collagen fibers within a ligament
- Usually caused by stretching the ligament beyond its normal range without warming up or slowly stretching before exercise
Strain
Similar to a sprain but involving a muscle
- Usually caused by stretching a muscle beyond its normal range
Temporomandibular joint disease (TMJ)
•Inflammation of the temporomandibular joint that results in frequent, painful dislocations
- Makes it difficult and painful to move the jaw during speaking and chewing
Tendonitis
Inflammation of a tendon
- Common sports injury
Tenosynovitis
Form of tendonitis that includes inflammation of the synovial membrane surrounding the joint
Syn/o
connect
-centesis
surgical puncture
clasia, -clasis
break apart
-desis
surgical fixation, fusion
-iatry:
treatment, specialty
-ist:
one who specializes
-lysis
loosen, dissolve
-rrhaphy
suturing
Arthrocentesis
The aspiration of fluids through a surgical puncture into the synovial cavity of the joint
- Common treatment for joint injuries resulting in inflammation such as CTS
Arthroclasia
Procedure in which an abnormally stiff joint is broken during surgery to increase ROM
Arthrodesis
“surgical fixation of a joint”
Arthrogram
A special x-ray of a joint
Arthrolysis
Joint is loosened of abnormal restrictions (calcium deposits and bursoliths)
Arthroplasty
Procedure to repair a joint
- Complete arthroplasty – refers to a joint replacement, most common is a knee replacement
Arthroscopy
Process of looking inside the joint
- The arthroscope is a wonderful surgical advance so that the surgeon can actually see the inside of a joint (scope is the device or camera that is used)
Arthrotomy
-Surgical incision into the synovial cavity of a joint
Bursectomy
Surgery involving the removal of a bursa from a joint
Chiropractic
- Field of therapy that is centered on manipulation of bones and joints (most commonly the vertebral column)
- Chiropractor – practitioner of the field
Chondrectomy
Surgical excision, or removal, of cartilage
Chondroplasty
Surgical repair of cartilage associated with a joint
Costectomy
Surgery involving the removal of a rib
Cranioplasty
Repair of the skull
Craniotomy
•A surgical incision through the cranium to provide access to the brain
Diskectomy
- Surgical procedure that is used frequently to reduce the pain of a herniated disk by surgically removing the intervertebral disk
Spinal fusion (spondylosyndesis)
- Surgical procedure in which the adjacent vertebrae are fused together following the removal of the disk
Laminectomy
-Surgical removal of the lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord
Electromyography (EMG)
A procedure that provides electrical stimulation of a muscle and records and analyzes the contractions
Fasciotomy
A surgical incision into the connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle
Reduction
- aligning the broken bones to their normal positions; types include closed and open
- “bringing back to normal”
Myoplasty
Surgical repair of a muscle
Myorrhaphy
Surgical repair of a muscle often includes suturing the torn ends together in a procedure known as myorrhaphy
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Most common pharmacological treatment for inflammation or pain
- Examples: aspirin and ibuprofen
Orthotics
The field of medical support involving the construction and fitting of orthopedic appliances
Ostectomy
Surgical removal, or excision, of bone tissue
Osteopathy
A medical field that emphasizes the relationship between the musculoskeletal system and overall health with an emphasis on body alignment and nutrition
Tenorrhaphy
suturing of a tendon
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
AS
ankylosing spondylitis
CTS
carpal tunnel syndrome
DJD
degenerative joint disease
DMD
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
DO
Doctor of osteopathy
EMG
electromyography
HNP
herniated nucleus pulposus
MG
myasthenia gravis
OA
osteoarthritis
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
RICE
– rest, ice, compression, elevation
ROM
range of motion
SCI
spinal cord injury
THR
total hip replacement
TKA
total knee arthroplasty
TKR
total knee replacement
TMJ
temporomandibular joint disease
