Medieval Times Past-1500 Flashcards
What group of people dominated medieval society
Christian Church
what was superstition
A belief based on God, witchcraft or astrology.
what was mass
Public worship in the Roman Catholic Church.
what was a urine chart
Used to examine urine to define illness.
what was a vademecum
A medieval medical book carried by doctors.
what is an epidemic
A widespread outbreak of a disease.
what is a monastery
A building where monks live, eat and pray.
what were the 4 humours
Phlegm, Black Bile, Yellow Bile, Blood
what is purging
To rid the body of an excess like blood or vomit.
what is leeching
The use of leeches for bloodletting.
what is cupping
Using glass cups to draw blood to the surface.
what is fasting
To avoid eating or drinking
what is a pilgrimage
A journey to a religious temple to show your love of God and cure illness.
what is astrology
the idea of alignment of stars and planets causing illness. It helped with diagnosis. Not new in 1250 but at black death, church accepted it more
what is miasma
Bad air which was blamed for spreading disease.
what is an apothecary
A medieval pharmacists or chemist.
What is a Wise Woman
A female healer who cured illnesses. They used herbal remedies.
what is a physician
A male medically trained doctor.
what is a barber surgeon
Untrained surgeon who practised basic surgery.
what is dissection
To cut open a human and examine the insides
what is an amulet
A charm that brought protection from disease.
what was the black death
A term to describe the bubonic plague.
who controlled the ideas of medicine
church
who ran education and learning of medicine
church
Did church allow challenging ideas
no.
was dissection allowed
it was discouraged
who were the only people who could read and write
Priests and monks
where were most books held
in monasteries
who was preferred by church, Galen or Hippocrates
Galen, his ideas of body having soul and god creating it as it is so perfect
Where were most hospitals held inside
monasteries and nunneries
What did Jesus expect everybody to do
care for the sick
Who was Hippocrates
An ancient greek doctor. Anti-god causing disease theories. believed physical causes and physical cures.
What were Hippocrates ideas for preventation of disease
exercise, rest,
What were Hippocrates ideas for the curing of disease
bleeding, purging to balance the humours
What is the Hippocrates oath
where doctors must sign to state they will respect life and prevent harm to the body
what was clinical observation
the method of taking notes of symptoms, comparing to similar cases and then treating and diagnosing - Modern day way
What were the four humours
they were 4 substances in your body believed to be the reason for illness. They must be balanced to stay healthy.
Who made up the 4 humours theory
Hippocrates
what period was the 4 humours theory still relevant up until
Middle Ages
Who was Galen
A doctor in ancient Rome who wrote many books about medicine. Mainly developed Hippocrates’ ideas and Drew detailed diagrams of injured gladiators
Who did Galen dissect upon
Gladiators and dead animals
What 2 ideas of prevention did Galen support
purging and bloodletting
Who invented the theory of opposites
Galen
What was the theory of opposites
Where If you had a cold, you should eat something hot
What is Miasma
where a bad smell is transmitting disease
What caused miasma
God which indicated a sin
What century saw miasma theories end
19th century
What 2 rational treatments were most common in middle ages, linked to 4 humours
bloodletting and purging
what was bloodletting
Releasing blood to make four humours equal again
What 3 jobs performed bloodletting in general
Physicians, barber surgeons and non-medical persons
What was purging
Way of re-balancing 4 humours making patients vomit or poo in the toilet.
What did wise women and apothecaries give patients to purge
emetics
What were common remedies
herbs, drank or bathed in or sniffed
Who sold remedies
apothecaries
What 4 things were religious treatments / preventions
praying, fasting, going on pilgrimages, paying for mass’ to be heard
What did barber surgeons do
Bloodletter, Pulled teeth out, cut hair, basic surgery like amputations (low success rate)
What did apothecaries do
Mixed medicines or ointments to make remedies based on doctors or their knowledge
What did physicians do
diagnosed and gave treatments, or sent patients to barber surgeons or apothecaries,
How much training did barber surgeons have
none
how much training did physicians have
university and passed exams
how much training did apothecaries have
training but no qualifications
How was urine examined
urine charts in physicians vademecums. Urine tested by colour and taste
how were zodiac charts used
Zodiac charts used to help diagnose illness and work out when to treat patients
When was St Bartholomew’s Hospital made
1078
What were hospitals mainly used for
hotels kind of for travellers and pilgrims
Who was the god of healing
Asclepius
When was the Black death
1348-49
How much of the population of Britain was killed
nearly 1/3
What disease was causing the Black Death epidemic
bubonic plague
How was the disease spread
flees living on black rats
What is flagellation
punishing yourself to prevent god giving disease
How did people think religion caused the black death
God sent plague to punish for sins
how did people think astrology caused the black death
Positioning of Mars, Saturn and Jupiter was unusual at the time
How was miasma thought to have caused black death
Bad air caused from decaying rubbish
how was volcanoes thought to have caused black death
poisonous gases caused from European volcanoes
how was 4 humours thought to be cause of black death
Humours out of balance
How were outsiders thought to be causing black death
strangers or witches caused disease
How did praying and fasting avoid catching black death
Told god they were sorry for sins
How did cleaning streets avoid black death
less likely that miasma would appear
How did smelling toilets avoid black death
belief that it would overcome disease
How did lighting a fire avoid black death
kept air moving around
how did carrying herbs and spices avoid catching black death
bad air wasn’t breathed in
Why was banning people in and out of villages good for avoiding the black death
Didn’t bring or let out any diseases
What were the symptoms of the black death
Swelling into large lumps called buboes, Fever and chills, Headaches, vomiting and Diarrhoea and pain.
What were treatments for the black death
Praying and holding lucky charms, Cutting open buboes to drain pus, Holding bread against buboes and then placing bread in the ground, Eating hot things and takings hot baths
