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History Of Medicine - GCSE > Industrial Period 1700-1900 > Flashcards

Industrial Period 1700-1900 Flashcards

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1
Q

What were the 5 killer diseases in this time period

A

Cholera, TB, Diphtheria, Smallpox, Typhoid

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2
Q

What is cholera

A
  • Spread through bacteria in food and water from sewage
  • Symptoms are severe sickness, diarrhoea
  • Sufferer dies of starvation within 24 hours
  • 2/3 people died
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3
Q

What is Tuberculosis (TB)

A
  • Spread through droplets when coughing/sneezing
  • Symptoms are severe coughing, chest/weight pain
  • 1/2 people died
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4
Q

What is Diphtheria

A
  • Spread through droplets when coughing/sneezing
  • Symptoms are bleeding, paralysis, suffocation
  • 1/10 people died
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5
Q

What is Smallpox

A
  • Spread through droplets when coughing/sneezing
  • Symptoms are rash with blisters, infection
  • 1/10 people died
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6
Q

What is Typhoid

A
  • Spread through bacteria in food and water from sewage
  • symptoms are headache, fever, constipation
  • 1/3 people died
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7
Q

When was Edward Jenner born

A

1749

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8
Q

who was Edward Jenner

A

invented the first vaccine

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9
Q

what disease did Edward Jenner’s vaccine prevent

A

Smallpox

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10
Q

How did milkmaids influence Edward Jenner’s vaccine

A

he was fascinated how milkmaids never received smallpox but instead received cowpox

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11
Q

what is inoculation

A

inoculation gives the child a mild version of the disease which they could still die from

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12
Q

why was getting an inoculation rare for a child

A

only rich people could afford it

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13
Q

What hospital did Edward Jenner work in before working as a GP

A

St George’s Hospital

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14
Q

Where did Edward Jenner work as a GP

A

Gloucestershire

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15
Q

What year did Edward Jenner test his theory

A

1796

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16
Q

What was the boy called that Edward Jenner tested his theory on

A

James Phipps

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17
Q

What was the theory that Edward Jenner came up with

A

by giving somebody cowpox, they wouldn’t be able to receive smallpox

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18
Q

what was cowpox

A

a similar but less deadly disease to contagious diseases such as smallpox

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19
Q

what was the name of the cow that Edward Jenner used to give James Phipps cowpox

A

blossom

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20
Q

Why could nobody use Edward Jenner’s vaccine to create more vaccines

A

because there was no scientific evidence and the correlation between cowpox and smallpox was seen as unique

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21
Q

Why did people oppose Jenner’s discovery

A
  • it was seen as dangerous and giving a person an animal disease (cowpox) was wrong
  • people thought they’d become cows
  • doctors lost money as inoculations costed money but vaccines became free
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22
Q

what happened to Edward Jenner in 1798

A

the Royal Society refused to publish his ideas so he wrote them in his own book

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23
Q

what was the name of Edward Jenner’s book

A

An enquiry into the causes and effects of the Variola Vaccinae

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24
Q

How many people had been vaccinated worldwide by 1800

A

100,000 people

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25
Q

When was the Royal Jennerian Society set up

A

1802

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26
Q

what was the purpose of the Royal Jennerian Society being set up

A

to promote vaccines

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27
Q

How many people had been vaccinated in Britain in 1804

A

12,000 people

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28
Q

When did the government buy vaccinations

A

1840

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29
Q

when were vaccines made compulsory

A

1852

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30
Q

When was Smallpox announced extinct

A

1979

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31
Q

who announced the extinction of Smallpox

A

WHO, World Health Organisation

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32
Q

James Simpson was a professor in ______

A

midwifery

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33
Q

Who was the first person to ever be knighted for their services to medicine

A

James Simpson

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34
Q

What aspect of surgery and childbirth was James Simpson trying to eradicate

A

pain

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35
Q

What substance did James Simpson discover in 1847 that sent people to sleep during surgery

A

Chloroform

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36
Q

Who really loved Chloroform

A

Queen Victoria

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37
Q

Why were people against Chloroform

A

it was seen as being against the gods

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38
Q

What problems were their with Chloroform when given to the patient

A

The dosage was unknown

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39
Q

How did James Simpson promote Chloroform in medicine

A

wrote articles and spoke at lectures

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40
Q

What helped with the dosage of Chloroform in surgery

A

inhalers

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41
Q

Who discovered Chloroform in surgery

A

James Simpson

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42
Q

Who discovered the first ever vaccination

A

Edward Jenner

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43
Q

Who said: “Cleaner towns and cities will lead to better health and less disease”

A

Edwin Chadwick

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44
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick prove in 1842

A

that different professions in different cities had different life expectancies

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45
Q

When was the first cholera epidemic

A

1848-49

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46
Q

What did John Snow believe about the cause of Cholera

A

it was caused by contaminated food and water

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47
Q

When was the second cholera epidemic

A

1854

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48
Q

what did John Snow find out during the 1854 cholera epidemic

A

there were strong links to a water pump on Broad Street

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49
Q

Where was the pump that John Snow discovered in 1854 located

A

Broad street, Soho, London

50
Q

What happened when John Snow removed the water pump on broad street

A

deaths fell dramatically

51
Q

What year did John Snow show his findings to the government

A

1855

52
Q

Why didn’t the government build a new sewage system after John Snow presented his findings

A

he had no scientific evidence

53
Q

When was the Great stink

A

1858

54
Q

What was Louis Pasteur’s job

A

a chemist

55
Q

where did Louis Pasteur live

A

france

56
Q

What is Spontaneous Generation

A

where microorganisms spontaneously generate by decay and spread to create disease

57
Q

Who discovered the germ theory

A

Louis Pasteur

58
Q

When was the Germ Theory discovered

A

1861

59
Q

In 1865, there was a ___ epidemic

A

cholera

60
Q

When did Louis Pasteur invent his first ever vaccination

A

1879

61
Q

what was Louis Pasteur’s first ever vaccine tackling

A

Chicken Cholera

62
Q

When did Pasteur invent the chicken Cholera vaccination

A

1879

63
Q

When did Louis Pasteur make his Anthrax vaccine

A

1881

64
Q

Why wasn’t the Anthrax vaccine original to Louis Pasteur’s

A

he used other people’s findings

65
Q

When did Louis Pasteur make his vaccine for Rabies

A

1885

66
Q

how many vaccines did Pasteur make

A

4

67
Q

what was the name of the boy that Pasteur tested his vaccination on

A

Joseph

68
Q

What 4 vaccines did Pasteur

A

Chicken Cholera, Anthrax, Rabies, Diphtheria

69
Q

What was formed by Pasteur in 1888

A

the Pasteur Institute

70
Q

Why did Pasteur invent the Pasteur Institute

A

to encourage people to get vaccines and help with new discoveries

71
Q

what did the Pasteur Institute do for France

A

it economically helped grow the country

72
Q

What vaccine did Pasteur make in 1888

A

Diphtheria vaccine

73
Q

When did Pasteur make the diphtheria vaccine

A

1888

74
Q

How children people today are immune to diphtheria

A

85%

75
Q

What was Robert Koch’s job

A

doctor and scientist

76
Q

where did Robert Koch work

A

Germany

77
Q

What was the relationship like between Koch and Pasteur

A

the were friendly until a war broke out between France and Germany, this made Pasteur and Koch join in and started a fierce rivalry

78
Q

What caused Koch to study microbes

A

Koch read the work of Pasteur

79
Q

How did Koch prove that miasma was wrong

A

he used bacteria from an eyeball and injected it into a mouse

80
Q

In 1878, what vaccine did Koch create

A

The Anthrax vaccine

81
Q

In 1882, what vaccine did Koch create

A

The Tuberculosis vaccine

82
Q

In 1883, what vaccine did Koch create

A

The Cholera vaccine

83
Q

What was Robert Koch the first person to do

A

to discover a specific microbe for a specific disease being Anthrax

84
Q

How highly was nursing ranked in society

A

lowly ranked

85
Q

How wealthy was Florence Nightingale’s parents

A

extremley

86
Q

How many nurses did Nightingale take with her to the Crimean War 1854-56

A

38

87
Q

What idea did Nightingale strongly believe in during the Crimean War

A

miasma

88
Q

What did Nightingale emphasise in the military hospital in Scutari during the Crimean war

A

good hygiene, fresh air and good supplies helped to cure and prevent disease

89
Q

what 2 ideas did Nightingale promote during the Crimean was

A

Ventilation and sanitation

90
Q

When she arrived in Scutari, what did she do to the military hospital

A

completely cleaned the whole hospital and did things her way

91
Q

By cleaning the Scutari military hospital, how much did Nightingale reduce the death rate of the hospital by

A

42% to 2%

92
Q

How many books did nightingale publish

A

2

93
Q

what book did Nightingale publish in 1859

A

notes on nursing

94
Q

when did Nightingale publish her book, notes on nursing

A

1859

95
Q

what book did Nightingale publish in 1863

A

notes on hospitals

96
Q

when did Nightingale publish her book, notes on hospitals

A

1863

97
Q

What did Nightingale create in 1860

A

a Nightingale nursing and midwife school

98
Q

when did Nightingale make her nursing and midwife school

A

1860

99
Q

What was installed into workhouses in 1867

A

infirmaries

100
Q

when were infirmaries installed into workhouses

A

1867

101
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis promote

A

hand-washing to clean off bacteria

102
Q

why were people dying of childbed fever

A

because doctors in maternity ward were coming from dissections and carrying bacteria with them

103
Q

When did Semmelweis write his book on hand-washing

A

1860s

104
Q

how did hand-washing stop childbed fever

A

it reduced it as bacteria was being washed away and less doctors were carrying bacteria during childbirth

105
Q

What part of the hospital did Ignaz Semmelweis work in

A

Maternity Unit

106
Q

What main aspect of surgery did Joseph Lister try and stop

A

infection

107
Q

what was Joseph Listers job

A

he was a surgeon

108
Q

What part of Pasteur’s work was Joseph Lister very interested about

A

the fact that microbes cause infection in wounds

109
Q

What did Lister find out in 1864

A

carbolic spray was used in sewers in Carsile that killed parasites

110
Q

Where did Lister discover that carbolic acid was used in sewers

A

Carsile

111
Q

What did Lister invent in 1867

A

Carbolic spray

112
Q

Who invented carbolic spray for surgery

A

Joseph Lister

113
Q

When did Lister invent Carbolic Spray

A

1867

114
Q

Who was Joseph Bazalgette

A

made a new sewage system in 1858 and 1866

115
Q

In 1874 there was a Chelsea embankment, how many acres of the Thames were regained

A

52

116
Q

When was the Chelsea embankment created

A

1874

117
Q

When was the first public Health Act

A

1848

118
Q

When was the second public Health Act

A

1875

119
Q

what was said in the first Public Health Act

A
  • National board of health set up

- In towns with high death rate, government could force council to make improvements

120
Q

what was said in the second Public Health Act

A
  • Compulsory for local councils to improve sewers and drainage, supply fresh water supplies too
  • Compulsory for medical officers to be appointed to inspect health facilities

History Of Medicine - GCSE (5 decks)

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