Industrial Period 1700-1900 Flashcards
What were the 5 killer diseases in this time period
Cholera, TB, Diphtheria, Smallpox, Typhoid
What is cholera
- Spread through bacteria in food and water from sewage
- Symptoms are severe sickness, diarrhoea
- Sufferer dies of starvation within 24 hours
- 2/3 people died
What is Tuberculosis (TB)
- Spread through droplets when coughing/sneezing
- Symptoms are severe coughing, chest/weight pain
- 1/2 people died
What is Diphtheria
- Spread through droplets when coughing/sneezing
- Symptoms are bleeding, paralysis, suffocation
- 1/10 people died
What is Smallpox
- Spread through droplets when coughing/sneezing
- Symptoms are rash with blisters, infection
- 1/10 people died
What is Typhoid
- Spread through bacteria in food and water from sewage
- symptoms are headache, fever, constipation
- 1/3 people died
When was Edward Jenner born
1749
who was Edward Jenner
invented the first vaccine
what disease did Edward Jenner’s vaccine prevent
Smallpox
How did milkmaids influence Edward Jenner’s vaccine
he was fascinated how milkmaids never received smallpox but instead received cowpox
what is inoculation
inoculation gives the child a mild version of the disease which they could still die from
why was getting an inoculation rare for a child
only rich people could afford it
What hospital did Edward Jenner work in before working as a GP
St George’s Hospital
Where did Edward Jenner work as a GP
Gloucestershire
What year did Edward Jenner test his theory
1796
What was the boy called that Edward Jenner tested his theory on
James Phipps
What was the theory that Edward Jenner came up with
by giving somebody cowpox, they wouldn’t be able to receive smallpox
what was cowpox
a similar but less deadly disease to contagious diseases such as smallpox
what was the name of the cow that Edward Jenner used to give James Phipps cowpox
blossom
Why could nobody use Edward Jenner’s vaccine to create more vaccines
because there was no scientific evidence and the correlation between cowpox and smallpox was seen as unique
Why did people oppose Jenner’s discovery
- it was seen as dangerous and giving a person an animal disease (cowpox) was wrong
- people thought they’d become cows
- doctors lost money as inoculations costed money but vaccines became free
what happened to Edward Jenner in 1798
the Royal Society refused to publish his ideas so he wrote them in his own book
what was the name of Edward Jenner’s book
An enquiry into the causes and effects of the Variola Vaccinae
How many people had been vaccinated worldwide by 1800
100,000 people
When was the Royal Jennerian Society set up
1802
what was the purpose of the Royal Jennerian Society being set up
to promote vaccines
How many people had been vaccinated in Britain in 1804
12,000 people
When did the government buy vaccinations
1840
when were vaccines made compulsory
1852
When was Smallpox announced extinct
1979
who announced the extinction of Smallpox
WHO, World Health Organisation
James Simpson was a professor in ______
midwifery
Who was the first person to ever be knighted for their services to medicine
James Simpson
What aspect of surgery and childbirth was James Simpson trying to eradicate
pain
What substance did James Simpson discover in 1847 that sent people to sleep during surgery
Chloroform
Who really loved Chloroform
Queen Victoria
Why were people against Chloroform
it was seen as being against the gods
What problems were their with Chloroform when given to the patient
The dosage was unknown
How did James Simpson promote Chloroform in medicine
wrote articles and spoke at lectures
What helped with the dosage of Chloroform in surgery
inhalers
Who discovered Chloroform in surgery
James Simpson
Who discovered the first ever vaccination
Edward Jenner
Who said: “Cleaner towns and cities will lead to better health and less disease”
Edwin Chadwick
What did Edwin Chadwick prove in 1842
that different professions in different cities had different life expectancies
When was the first cholera epidemic
1848-49
What did John Snow believe about the cause of Cholera
it was caused by contaminated food and water
When was the second cholera epidemic
1854
what did John Snow find out during the 1854 cholera epidemic
there were strong links to a water pump on Broad Street
Where was the pump that John Snow discovered in 1854 located
Broad street, Soho, London
What happened when John Snow removed the water pump on broad street
deaths fell dramatically
What year did John Snow show his findings to the government
1855
Why didn’t the government build a new sewage system after John Snow presented his findings
he had no scientific evidence
When was the Great stink
1858
What was Louis Pasteur’s job
a chemist
where did Louis Pasteur live
france
What is Spontaneous Generation
where microorganisms spontaneously generate by decay and spread to create disease
Who discovered the germ theory
Louis Pasteur
When was the Germ Theory discovered
1861
In 1865, there was a ___ epidemic
cholera
When did Louis Pasteur invent his first ever vaccination
1879
what was Louis Pasteur’s first ever vaccine tackling
Chicken Cholera
When did Pasteur invent the chicken Cholera vaccination
1879
When did Louis Pasteur make his Anthrax vaccine
1881
Why wasn’t the Anthrax vaccine original to Louis Pasteur’s
he used other people’s findings
When did Louis Pasteur make his vaccine for Rabies
1885
how many vaccines did Pasteur make
4
what was the name of the boy that Pasteur tested his vaccination on
Joseph
What 4 vaccines did Pasteur
Chicken Cholera, Anthrax, Rabies, Diphtheria
What was formed by Pasteur in 1888
the Pasteur Institute
Why did Pasteur invent the Pasteur Institute
to encourage people to get vaccines and help with new discoveries
what did the Pasteur Institute do for France
it economically helped grow the country
What vaccine did Pasteur make in 1888
Diphtheria vaccine
When did Pasteur make the diphtheria vaccine
1888
How children people today are immune to diphtheria
85%
What was Robert Koch’s job
doctor and scientist
where did Robert Koch work
Germany
What was the relationship like between Koch and Pasteur
the were friendly until a war broke out between France and Germany, this made Pasteur and Koch join in and started a fierce rivalry
What caused Koch to study microbes
Koch read the work of Pasteur
How did Koch prove that miasma was wrong
he used bacteria from an eyeball and injected it into a mouse
In 1878, what vaccine did Koch create
The Anthrax vaccine
In 1882, what vaccine did Koch create
The Tuberculosis vaccine
In 1883, what vaccine did Koch create
The Cholera vaccine
What was Robert Koch the first person to do
to discover a specific microbe for a specific disease being Anthrax
How highly was nursing ranked in society
lowly ranked
How wealthy was Florence Nightingale’s parents
extremley
How many nurses did Nightingale take with her to the Crimean War 1854-56
38
What idea did Nightingale strongly believe in during the Crimean War
miasma
What did Nightingale emphasise in the military hospital in Scutari during the Crimean war
good hygiene, fresh air and good supplies helped to cure and prevent disease
what 2 ideas did Nightingale promote during the Crimean was
Ventilation and sanitation
When she arrived in Scutari, what did she do to the military hospital
completely cleaned the whole hospital and did things her way
By cleaning the Scutari military hospital, how much did Nightingale reduce the death rate of the hospital by
42% to 2%
How many books did nightingale publish
2
what book did Nightingale publish in 1859
notes on nursing
when did Nightingale publish her book, notes on nursing
1859
what book did Nightingale publish in 1863
notes on hospitals
when did Nightingale publish her book, notes on hospitals
1863
What did Nightingale create in 1860
a Nightingale nursing and midwife school
when did Nightingale make her nursing and midwife school
1860
What was installed into workhouses in 1867
infirmaries
when were infirmaries installed into workhouses
1867
What did Ignaz Semmelweis promote
hand-washing to clean off bacteria
why were people dying of childbed fever
because doctors in maternity ward were coming from dissections and carrying bacteria with them
When did Semmelweis write his book on hand-washing
1860s
how did hand-washing stop childbed fever
it reduced it as bacteria was being washed away and less doctors were carrying bacteria during childbirth
What part of the hospital did Ignaz Semmelweis work in
Maternity Unit
What main aspect of surgery did Joseph Lister try and stop
infection
what was Joseph Listers job
he was a surgeon
What part of Pasteur’s work was Joseph Lister very interested about
the fact that microbes cause infection in wounds
What did Lister find out in 1864
carbolic spray was used in sewers in Carsile that killed parasites
Where did Lister discover that carbolic acid was used in sewers
Carsile
What did Lister invent in 1867
Carbolic spray
Who invented carbolic spray for surgery
Joseph Lister
When did Lister invent Carbolic Spray
1867
Who was Joseph Bazalgette
made a new sewage system in 1858 and 1866
In 1874 there was a Chelsea embankment, how many acres of the Thames were regained
52
When was the Chelsea embankment created
1874
When was the first public Health Act
1848
When was the second public Health Act
1875
what was said in the first Public Health Act
- National board of health set up
- In towns with high death rate, government could force council to make improvements
what was said in the second Public Health Act
- Compulsory for local councils to improve sewers and drainage, supply fresh water supplies too
- Compulsory for medical officers to be appointed to inspect health facilities
