Medieval Europe Flashcards
Medieval Europe
from 500 AD to 1500 AD starts just after the end of the Roman Empire in 475 AD
Charlemagne
Is the guy who took over the now HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE in 800 AD and he
tries to unify the Germanic and Fr
ankish states. At this time Religion and Gov’t are at odds and most of Europe is run by dynasties. He
was very religious and had a convert by the sword or die mentality.
Holy Roman Empire
was the first attempt to unite church and state. Its first king was
Charlemagne
Crusades
organized across Europeans to lead excursions into the holy land of Israel to drive
Muslims out of the area of Christ’s birth The word comes from the latin CRUX which is to take up
arms in the name of the cross sort of a Christian “Jihad”. They started in 1095 AD and lasted till 1300
AD. The first crusade was from 1095 AD to 1099 AD and was because Pope URBAN II wanted it. All
the countries at this point set aside their differences for this cause.
The crusades were important because they enlarged and grew the churches power. They also
opened trade and travel and economies.
1st crusade
In 1099 AD the European army/crusaders take control of Jerusalem and hold it for
50 years.
2nd crusade
1145 AD to 1149 AD try to regain Jerusalem and never take it.
3rd crusade
in 1189 AD to 1192 AD try again and only RICHARD THE LIONHEART makes it
as far as Jerusalem but also looses
4th crusade
in 1201 AD to 1204 AD but they never even make it past the VENETIANS
5th crusade
is the first children’s crusade in the hopes that they would be sparred and make it
to Jerusalem. 30,000 children were sent but never made it to the mid east. And another
children’s crusade was sent in 1215 but they also sucked and never made it.
Black Death
was the plague in of 1348. It originated in China which travelled by ships to India
and then on to Italy and through Europe. Boils fever 3-5 days It killed almost 25% to 33% of the
population in Europe and made all the economies suffer a lot b/c of it. This event also made many
people leave the church. No region was left unaffected by the plague. Took out up to 75% population
Feudalism
based on hierarchy the serfs would give produce to lords in return for military
security Was the way of life that the serfs would work the land and give their provisions on up to the
knights and nobles who would then in turn provide protection. The social pyramid at this time was
1. Kings
2. Nobles
3. Knights
4. Surfs or peasants
Serfdom
status peasants had under feudalism Was a life in which you were a peasant and you
worked and toiled the land giving what you made up to the knight or noble who owned the land and in
turn they provided protection.
Chivalry
was the basis of code of conduct at this time for knights and nobles. Bravery and
courtesy
John Wycliffe
who lived from 1320 to 1384 AD was an Englishman best known for translating
the bible into common vernacular from Latin. This ensured the common man could read the bible for
himself. An also allowed more to get educated in reading and writing. He criticized the Church for
gaining wealth and blasted the pope for being sanctimonious. He did not agree with the pope saying
he was a person that was infallible. Also he did not agree with the pope on the fact of communion as
a transubstantiation event. Against papal authority He was protected by KING EDWARD and the
pope therefore could not kill him for his HERACY
John Huss
1369 to 1415 AD was influenced by WYCLIFFE. He was from Prague and was a
teacher at the UNIV. OF PRAGUE in 1401 when he becomes a priest. Believed intermediaries were
unnecessary In 1408 he was told to stop teaching about WYCLIFFE by a PAPAL BULL. He didn’t
stop and also didn’t have the king’s protection so he dies at the stake.
Martin Luther
1483 to 1546 AD leads the PROTESTANT REFORMATION. He was from the
SAXON area in Germany. Originally becomes a lawyer. One day he gets caught in a storm and
decides to pray so that he may live to survive the storm, he survives and becomes a monk, this
makes him obsessed with salvation as well. He goes to Wittenberg University and to teach and study
becoming a PHD. He starts to write about the teachings at this time in the church, he has a problem
with the practice of PURCHASING INDULGENCES, because he believed in justification by faith
( Only way to be religious according to him). He writes the 95 theses and places them on display for
all to read and thus starts the reformation on OCTOBER 31st 1517 AD. In this THESIS he believes
that Christians should only believe in CHRIST and not the POPE. This triggers his excommunication
from the church, so he starts the PROTESTANT religion.
Ninety-five theses
Was written by Martin Luther and was the beginning of the protestant
reformation and religion. Posted 95 points of contention against the church examples: only god can
forgive sins not priests,
Indulgences
were paid for so that you may sin or if you did sin then you could repent by
purchasing the indulgence. Indulgences were also purchased for those who were dead and in
purgatory. Exchanging money for forgiveness
Johan Tetzel
Was the main guy in the practice of selling indulgences for the living and the
dead.
Justification by Faith
was what MARTIN LUTHER believed in as opposed to the practice of
indulgences don’t need to practice rituals and go to church. It’s your own faith and interpretation of
the bible that will bring you to salvation
John Calvin
1509 to 1564 AD was another reformer as Martin Luther was but he was more of
a leader and spread the reformation internationally. He studied in France and became a militant
protestant. He as well taught of Justification by Faith but he goes further to place emphasis on PREDESTINATION
which is the concept of when you are born you know if you are going to Heaven or
Hell he came up with a question which was that if it is pre-determined then is it worth doing any good
while here on earth. Calvin also believed in a Theocracy. He leaves France to head to Calvinism
spread from Geneva to glorify GOD. He finds a city in transition that was embracing reformation.
Geneva at this time was functional and efficient but had no luxury. He started Geneva on a road to
Theocracy and in 1550 people began to complain and he started to loose followers ultimately he was
killed b/c HERACY is punishable by death.
Predestination
The belief that at birth it is already known if you were going to heaven or hell.
Ulrich Zwingli
Was from Zurich and was also a priest who was a reformer. He was known for
his famous sermons that are lost to us today. He was very anti-papal authority in the mid 1520’s. He
did meet and was friends with MARTIN LUTHER. As a protest to the Catholic Church he ate meat on
ASH WEDNESDAY. He was killed in 1531 for his belief and efforts to expand the reformation. He
believes in THEOCRACY. Was a zealot about church
Anabaptists
Protestant reformers such as the Baptists, quakers, amish, etc Catholics and
Protestants viewed them as a threat
Huguenots
Were French Protestants
Anglicanism
Was the official church of the country of England.
Henry VIII
in 1534 broke from Rome to start the ANGLICAN CHURCH. He only did this so he
could divorce his wife who could not birth a male heir to the throne, as well as he did this to tell the
church you are not in Britain to rule I am here to rule, and yet another reason he did this was to have
a church he could control and not the other way around.
Act of Supremacy of 1534
Henry the 8th says that he is making his own religion, and is leaving
the catholic church.
Elizabeth I
is the heir to henry VIII known as the virgin queen. Rejects the Spanish kings
request to marry, and then defeats the Spanish Armada
Counter-Reformation
Catholics counter attack on the Protestant Reformation was the catholic
churches attempt to stem the tide of reformation.
Council of Trent
attempt to examine Catholic doctrines confirmed sacraments, saints,
indulgences and celibacy ran from 1545 to 1563 AD and was formed to build on this Counter
Reformation. They discussed at this time
1. Monasticism
2. Celibacy
3. Society of Jesus
Society of Jesus
founded in 1540 AD by Ignatius Loyola and the primary concern was to
convert all by Jesuit priests. This was a way to COUNTER the REFORMATION. Missionary
movement in tune with education
Ignatius Loyola
Founded the Society of Jesus in 1540 AD AKA the Jesuits.
St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre
Was a battle between the Huguenots (FRENCH
PROTESTANTS) and Catholics mass murder in 1572. It was state sanctioned.
Henry IV (of Navarre)
Hugenot who converted to Catholicism puts a stop to abuse of the
Huguenots made the Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
in 1598 was made to allow / tolerate the Huguenots. Prince Henry the 4th was
who made this EDICT
Thirty Years War
1618 to 1648 was a war between the Protestant and Catholic Germans
Treaty of Westphalia
peace treaty Ends the thirty year war
