Medieval England: 1000 - 1500 Flashcards

Anglo-Saxon + Norman England

1
Q

What was the population in Anglo-Saxon England and where did most of them live?

A

2 million people of which 90% lived in the countryside.

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2
Q

What was the structure of Anglo-Saxon society?

A

1) King
2) Nobles
3) Freemen
4) Serfs

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3
Q

What was the role of the King?

A

Controlled the land and was responsible for keeping the King’s Peace.

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4
Q

What did nobles do?

A

They received land from the King and supported and advised his decisions.

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5
Q

What was the role of freemen?

A

Owned pieces of land.

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6
Q

What was the role of serfs?

A

Were very poor farmers and expected to look out for each other.

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7
Q

King’s Peace definition

A

The King’s duty to uphold law and order.

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of crimes against the person.

A

1) Assault
2) Murder
3) Public disorder

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of crimes against property.

A

1) Theft
2) Arson
3) Poaching (social crime)

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of crimes against the authority.

A

1) Treason
2) Rebellion

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11
Q

What are some examples of moral crimes?

A

1) Not sticking to Church customs
2) Fornication

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12
Q

What were Hundreds and Tithings?

A

Tithing: consisted of 10 males in the community above the age of 12.

Each shire was divided into a hundred (with 10 tithings).

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13
Q

What was a Shire Reeve?

A

A local man appointed by the community to take criminals to courts. Regularly met with one man from each tithing.

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14
Q

Give an example of how collective responsibility was used.

A

If one member of a tithing broke the law, the other members would have to pay a fine and take the accused to court.

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15
Q

What was Hue and Cry?

Law Enforcement

A

When a crime was committed, the victim was expected to raise a ‘Hue and Cry’ which alerted other villagers to help them catch the criminal. If they didn’t take part - they had to pay a fine.

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16
Q

What was ‘taking oaths’ ?

A

The accused could swear their innocence under oath and could be supported by ‘Oath Helpers.’ This method of law enforcement relied heavily on God.

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17
Q

Explain what Trial by Jury is.

Law Enforcement

A

The jury was made up of men in a tithing who knew the accused and the accuser. They would listen to both accounts and decide who was innocent and guilty.

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18
Q

Explain what Trial by Ordeal is.

Law Enforcement

A

Was used when there was no evidence. It tested the accused innocence or guilt under the eyes of God. It was always supervised by a Priest.

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19
Q

a) What was Trial by Hot Iron?

A

The accused held hot iron in their hand and after it would be bandaged and they would wait 3 days. If they were innocent, their hand would heal but if they were guilty, their hand would blister.

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20
Q

b) What was Trial by Hot Water?

A

The accused would have to pick up an object in boiling water. After 3 days, if their hand was healed, they were deemed innocent by God.

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21
Q

c) What was Trial by Cold Water?

A

The convicted was tied to a rope and lowered into water. If they floated, they were seen as guilty since the water ‘rejected’ them.

22
Q

d) What was Trial by Consecrated Bread?

Priests only

A

The accused would be given bread to eat. If they choked, they were guilty however if they ate it with ease, they were proved to be innocent.

23
Q

What was the main aim of punishment in Anglo-Saxon England?

A

Used as a deterrent to put off people from committing crimes.

24
Q

How and why was capital punishment used?

A

If a person committed treason, they would be hung to deter others from doing this and retribution for the victim.

25
Q

How and why was corporal punishement used?

A

This often involved mutilation for repeat offenders to act as a deterrent and remind villagers of the consequences they had to live with if they committed a crime.

26
Q

How and why were stocks and pillory used?

A

Used for public disorder and humiliated the individual.

27
Q

Wergild definition.

A

A system of fines that was paid as a compensation to a victim or their family.

28
Q

How was Wergild punishment unfair?

A

The fine the victim received depended on social status. Higher status = a larger fine.

29
Q

Why was wergild used?

A

It replaced ‘blood feuds’ where victims had the right to kill the accused which led to more violence.

30
Q

What 4 things did King William do to increase the Norman’s power?

A

1) Murdrum Fine
2) Forest Laws
3) Building Castles
4) Harsher Punishments

31
Q

What was the Murdrum Fine and it’s purpose?

A

If an Anglo-Saxon killed a Norman and the culprit wasn’t caught, the hundred where the body was found would have to collectively pay a large fine.

This decreased the amount of revenge murders on Normans.

32
Q

What were the Forest Laws?

A

About 30% of England became Royal Forests and only people who paid for hunting rights were allowed to poach in the area.

This was seen as unfair by the locals (since they were evicted from their homes and could no longer hunt) so it was more of a social crime.

33
Q

How were castles used to increase Norman authority?

A

Norman castles were placed in every part of the Kingdom and were designed to overlook the land and intimidate the villagers.

34
Q

What did King William do about the increased rebellions?

A

There was a lot of resistance towards the Normans, especially in York and East Anglia. As a result, King William ordered severe punishments for rebels.

In areas of rebellions, he destroyed livestock and farmland, causing 100,000 people to starve.

35
Q

What was some continuity between Anglo-Saxon and Norman law enforcement?

A
  • The Anglo-Saxon system of hundreds and tithings remained the same
  • Hue and Cry were still used so collective responsibility was still a large factor of law enforcement
36
Q

Give an example of a change the Normans made to law enforcement.

A

Normans introduced the Sheriff (a Shire Reeve) and a Posse (a group of men organised by the Sheriff) to catch criminals.

37
Q

Give another example of a change the Normans made to law enforcement.

A

They introduced Trial by Combat, where the culprit and the accuser would fight until one was killed or surrendered.

This was seen as more dignified as God granted victory to the righteous.

38
Q

How did the authorities become more involved in law enforcement?

Later Medieval

A

1) Creation of Royal Courts
2) Coroners
3) Parish Constables
4) Justices of Peace

39
Q

What were Royal Courts used for?

Later Medieval

A

They were introduced by Henry II in 1163 and were used to try the most serious crimes.

40
Q

Who were Coroners?

Later Medieval

A

In 1194, Richard I introduced ‘Coroners’ appointed by him to investigate suspicious deaths.

41
Q

What was the role of Parish Constables?

Later Medieval

A

From 1250, men would take the unpaid role of keeping the peace in their Parish and arresting suspects.

42
Q

Who were Justices of Peace?

Later Medieval

A

In 1195, Richard I appointed Knights as keepers of the King’s Peace in unruly areas. From 1327, Edward III extended the system to all areas.

Justices of Peace (JPs) met 4 times a year to enforce the law and were still appointed by the monarch.

43
Q

In what year was Parliament created?

A

1236

44
Q

How did law enforcement change overall in the later medieval period?

A

As communities grew, communities became less involved in major law enforcement. The justice system became more uniform and centralised.

45
Q

How did punishment change in the Norman England?

A
  • Use of capital and corporal punishment increased and was more public
  • Breaking Forest Laws were punished very harshly (including castration and hanging)
  • Minor crimes were punished by fines
46
Q

How did Wergild change?

A

Instead of the fine being paid to the victim, fines were paid to the King and his officials.

47
Q

What did Henry II introduce in the 12th century?

A

Set up prisons after he reformed the court system. Was known as the ‘Assize of Clarendon’.

48
Q

What was the punishment for high treason?

Later Medieval

A

Hung, drawn and quartered.

49
Q

When was the Statute of Labourers passed?

A

1351.

50
Q

What was the Statute of Labourers and why was it introduced?

A

A law that prevented workers from asking for a higher wage and made it illegal to move to a new area to look for better paid work. This benefited the ruling class. At the time, the Black Death in 1348 killed a lot of workers which meant that peasants could demand a higher wage from their masters by threatening to move elsewhere.

51
Q

What was the crime of heresy? How was this punished?

A

A crime of having different religious beliefs to the monarch in power. Was punishable by being burnt at the stake (purifying a corrupt soul).

52
Q

When was the crime of heresy imposed?

A

1382, 1401, 1414.