Medicine Through Time Flashcards
What was the first antibiotic?
Why was it different from Salvarsan 606 and Prontosil?
Penicillin
Made out of microorganisms
What is the Thomas Splint?
A splint that stopped the leg from moving, it increased the survival rate from 20% to 82%
Name the Four Humours
Blood, Phlegm, Black bile, Yellow bile
What technology helped make diagnosis in the Modern Period?
Blood tests, Blood pressure monitor, Endoscopes, ECG’s, Ultrasound scans, MRI scans, X-rays, CT scans
Which individual discovered blood groups?
Karl Landsteiner
What treatments do the NHS use in the Modern period?
Dialysis machines, Heart Bypass machines, Prosthetic limbs, Microsurgery, Keyhole surgery, Robotic surgery
Name 5 Individuals from the Renaissance period
William Harvey, Robert Hooke, Thomas Sydenham, Antony Van Leewenhoek, Andreas Versalius, Paracelsus
Who were the FANY?
Women Ambulance Drivers
List the Medieval medical professionals and what they did.
Physicians - Diagnosed disease, using urine charts, astrology and four humours
Apothecaries - Herbal Remedies
Barber Surgeons - minor surgeries, pulled teeth, bloodletting, remove an arrow etc.
Wise Women - Diagnosed and provided Herbal Remedies
What year was the Black Death?
1348
What is Inoculation?
Infecting oneself with a disease to avoid catching a severe case of it
What did the government do to prevent disease in the Industrial period?
Public Health Act 1875
1300 miles of sewers, Clean water, public toilets, employ public officers, public parks, street lighting, check quality of food
Which individual discovered Penicillin?
Alexander Fleming
In the medieval period, what disease was seen as a punishment from God? (that wasn’t the plague)
Leprosy
What vaccinations were used to prevent disease in the Modern period?
Diptheria, Tetanus, Measles, Rubella
What battle was Chlorine Gas first used?
Second Battle of Ypres
What were the 3 main health problems on the Western Front?
Trench foot, Trench fever, Shellshock
What did the Human Genome project do?
Decode and map every type of gene in a human giving us a blueprint of human DNA
How did people try to prevent the Black Death?
Prayer, Pilgrimage, Self-flagellation, Move away, Posies, Quarantine laws (not fully enforced)
What was Versalius’ book called?
On the Fabric of the Human Body
Which two individuals worked on Germ Theory?
Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur
Describe a Medieval Hospital - give two features
Insane and pregnant women rejected, staffed by monks and nuns, Focused on care not treatment, Patients shared beds
What was the first Magic Bullet?
Salvarson 606
What changes did Nightingale make in Crimea? Give two features
300 scrubbing brushes, Nurses organised, Clean bedding and good meals, Mortality rate dropped from 40% to 2%
How was illness prevented in the Medieval period?
Regimen Sanitatis, Purifying the air (flowers, herbs, posy, clean streets), Diet, Prayer
Which individual dissected people in the Renaissance period?
Andreas Versalius
Describe Thomas Sydenham’s theory of illness
Illness was caused by external factors not from inside yourself (four humours)
What theories of the cause of illness were there in the Industrial period?
Spontaneous Generation, Germ theory, Miasma
Describe the Theory of Opposites
Do the opposite of your symptoms - relating to the Four Humours
Too much Phlegm (water and cold) could be cured by eating hot peppers (hot)
How did medical knowledge spread in the Renaissance period?
More people could read and write, Printing Press, Royal Society
How did the Government prevent the Great Plague?
Public meetings and funerals banned, Cats, Dogs and pigeons killed, Searchers and Wardens employed to put X’s on doors
What changes did Nightingale make to Nursing?
Wrote ‘Notes on Nursing’, Made nursing a respectable job, Rigorous training to become a nurse
What diseases were common in the Renaissance period?
Smallpox, Great pox (syphilis), Plague
How did John Snow solve Cholera?
Broad Street Pump
What treatments were there for sickness in the Medieval period?
Bloodletting, Purging, Herbal Remedies, Bathing (to sweat)
Which Individual created the Theory of Opposites?
Galen
Describe Renaissance Hospitals - give two features
Small treatments, Good diet, Visit from Physician, Many were shut down by Henry VIII after the Dissolution of the Monasteries
What technology helped develop our understanding of genetics?
Electron microscope
What are the similarities of the government response to Cholera and Lung Cancer?
Slow response initially, more direct response 50+ years after
What were the main stages of treatment on the Western Front?
Regimental Aid Post, Dressing Stations, Casualty Clearing Stations, Base Hospitals
How did people prevent disease in the Renaissance period?
Move away, Regimen Sanitatis, Not washing (Bath houses were closed because of Syphilis), Clean streets
Who were the RAMC?
Royal Army Medical Corps - Branch of the army responsible for medical care
Which individual came up with suitable antiseptics?
What was it called?
Joseph Lister
Carbolic Acid
How did people prevent the Great Plague?
Prayer, Quarantine, Pomanders, Diets (garlic), Plague suit, Smoke tobacco
Which individual improved hospitals in the Industrial period?
Florence Nightingale
Which individual created vaccines?
Edward Jenner
Which individual theorised that genes came in pairs one from each parent?
Gregor Mendel
What changes did Nightingale make to Hospitals?
Pavilion plan, Improved ventilation, Isolation wards, Easily cleaned surfaces, larger rooms, more windows
What did people believe caused the Black Death?
Punishment from God, Miasma, Unusual alignment of the planets
Name 5 individuals in the Industrial period?
Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Florence Nightingale, James Simpson, Joseph Lister, Edward Jenner, John Snow
What is a Magic Bullet?
A chemical cure that would attack the microbes in the body causing disease whilst leaving the body unharmed.
Describe Germ Theory
Microbes in the air causes decay (infections etc.)
What were the treatments for the Black Death?
Confess your sins (prayer), Bloodletting, Popped Buboes
Which individual created the four humours?
Hippocrates
Which monarch used Chloroform?
Queen Victoria
Which Monarch used Antimony?
Louis XIV of France
Name the 5 transport options during WW1
Stretcher bearers, Horse-drawn ambulance, Motor ambulance, Train, Boat
Why was there only one theory (four humours) in the Medieval period?
Influence of the Church (Monks and books and education in churches), Lack of Alternative ideas, No one could read or write
What is the Royal Society?
Club of scientists that get together to share and discuss ideas
How do the Government prevent disease in the Modern Period?
Clear Air Acts, Advertisements, Change4life campaign, Compulsory vaccines
What technology helped spread medical knowledge in the Medieval period?
Who invented it?
Printing Press
Johannes Gutenburg
Name 4 WW1 battles
1st Battle of Ypres, 2nd Battle of Ypres, Battle of the Somme, Battle of Arras, Battle of Cambrai, 3rd Battle of Ypres
What is significant about the Battle of Cambrai?
Blood banks and tanks
What caused wounds to get infected easily on the Western Front?
Fertiliser in the soil
What was the Carrel-Dakin method?
Sterilised salt solution put on a wound through a tube every 3-6 hours - this stopped infections
Which individual came up with a suitable anaesthetic?
And what was it called?
James Simpson
Chloroform
What did William Harvey discover?
Blood flowed towards the heart, Blood wasn’t made in the liver (Galen thought so), Arteries and Veins were linked, the heart was a pump
What is Miasma?
Bad air that as believed to make you sick - it came from bad smelling things (corpses, swamps, people)
How do the government prevent Lung Cancer?
Banned smoking in workplaces, Banned smoking in cars with children, Raised legal age to 18, Increased tax, Banned adverts, Removed them from display in shops
Which battle did the British use tunnels and caves?
What was the hospital called there?
Battle of Arras
Thompsons Cave
What treatments were there for sickness in the Renaissance period?
Transference, Herbal Remedies, Alchemy (Antimony)
Name two problems with mobile X-ray units on the Western Front?
Could not detect clothing, Had to stay still for several minutes, overheated
Which individual solved the problem of Cholera?
John Snow
What are the treatments for Lung Cancer?
Transplants, Radiotherapy, Chemotherapy
Which two individuals improved optics in the Renaissance period?
Robert Hooke, Antony Van Leewenhoek
