Germany Flashcards
What happened during the Kapp Putsch?
- Freikorps feared unemployment so marched on Berlin
- Declared new government and invited the Kaiser back
- Ebert asked everyone to go on strike
- Kapp fled and was imprisoned
What happened during the Spartacist Revolt?
- Ebert sacked police chief
- 100,000 workers striked
- Took control of newspaper and telegraph offices
- Freikorps sent to deal with revolt
Who were the three Bavarian officials taken captive during the Munich Putsch?
Von Kahr - Leader of Bavarian government
Von Seisser - Head of Bavarian police
Von Lossow - Head of Bavarian army
What were the strengths of the Weimar Constitution?
- Proportional Representation
- Check and Balances - no one had too much power
Who were the SS?
Hitler’s personal bodyguard
Give two examples of modernist art
Einstein tower
Bauhaus movement
Metropolis film
Who led the Kapp Putsch?
Wolfgang Kapp
What were the weaknesses of the Weimar Constitution?
- Coalition government
- Weak in a crisis (Article 48)
- Based on division and violence
What year was the Wall Street Crash?
1929
How did Hitler reorganise the NSDAP in the Lean Years?
- New headquarters
- Leader in every gaue
- Organised like a country
- Creation of SS
How did Hitler gain support from farmers?
Changed 25 point programme - private land would be taken from Jews only
What were the 5 parts of Hitler’s takeover of the NSDAP?
- 25 Point Programme
- Hitler’s appeal
- Party organisation
- Party leadership
- Brownshirts (SA)
Who was the first President in the Weimar Government?
Freidrich Ebert
Which individual was Chancellor and foreign minister 1923-29?
Gustav Stresemann
How did Hitler gain support from Big Businesses?
- Protect against Communism
- In response they allowed Nazi propaganda in newspapers
How did Hitler gain support from the Middle-Class?
- Protect against Communism
- Traditional German Values
- Promised employment
The politicians that signed the armistice were known as?
November Criminals
What is a diktat?
Terms in a treaty are imposed, not agreed
Name an expressionist artist
Otto Dix
Name 4 things Stresemann did to solve Germany’s problems
- Rentenmark
- Dawes Plan 1924
- Youngs Plan 1929
- Locarno Pact
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- League of Nations
What is the Dolchstoss?
Politicians signed the armistice before German army was defeated - the Germans felt they had been STABBED IN THE BACK
What is hyperinflation?
When you print so much money it is worth nothing
What were the events of the Munich Putsch?
- Took Bavarian officials captive in Beer Hall
- SA took over police quarters
- SA failed to take army headquarters
- Luderndorf releases officials
-Hitler marches on town centre - Shootout
- Hitler arrested
What was the hierarchy of the Weimar Constitution?
President
Chancellor
Reichstag
Reichsrat
What is a paramilitary force?
What was Hitler’s called?
Private military force
SA
Name two of the new art styles in the 1920’s
New Objectivism
Modernism
Expressionism
Who led the Spartacist Revolt?
Rosa Luxemburg
Karl Liebknecht
Who was the leader of the SA?
Ernst Rohm
What were the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?
- Reparations (£6.6 billion)
- Lost all colonies
- Army limited 100,000
- Air force banned
- Lost land (Alsace Lorraine)
Why did the French occupy the Ruhr?
Germany failed to send coal to France as agreed in reparations
How were German women different in the 1920’s?
- Equal rights
- Can work all professions
- Smoke and Drink more
- More make-up
- More revealing clothes
- Birth rate falling
- Divorce rising
What does NSDAP stand for?
Nationalist Socialist German Workers Party
Name three of the topics in Mein Kampf
- Nationalism
- Socialism
- Totalitarianism
- Traditional German Values
- Aryan race
What is an armistice?
An agreement to stop fighting
Which two individuals disagreed with Hitler at the Bamburg Conference?
Strasser and Goebbels
What was Hitler arguing at the Bamburg Conference?
Nationalism and action against Jews
What was Strasser and Goebbels arguing at the Bamburg Conference?
Socialism and attacks on businessmen
Why did the Wall Street Crash affect Germany?
The money borrowed from America was needed ASAP. (Dawes Plan and Youngs Plan)
Why did the Wall Street Crash cause more support for the NSDAP?
Unemployment, Savings crashed, Taxes raised, Homelessness increased
Which two individuals became chancellor before Hitler?
Von Papen and Von Schleicher
Who started the Reichstag Fire?
Van der Lubbe (Dutch Communist)
How did Hitler gain power from the Reichstag Fire?
- Claimed there was a wider Communist threat
- Pressured Hindenburg into declaring state of emergency
- Hitler could now rule using decrees (Article 48)
What was agreed in the Enabling Act?
Hitler could now propose new laws that overruled the Reichstag
What opposition did Hitler remove when he first came to power?
Trade Unions
Political parties
Local Governments replaced by governors appointed by Hitler himself
What was the Night of the Long Knives?
Hitler believed the SA and Rohm to be a threat (too powerful) so he murdered every officer
Why did Hitler see Ernst Rohm as a threat?
- SA had more soldiers than the army
- Believed Rohm wanted to replace the army
- Other leaders resented his power
What year did Hindenburg die?
1934
What did President Hindenburg’s death mean for Hitler?
- He could now become Fuhrer
- Oath of loyalty from every soldier
- Public vote was held for the Fuhrer and Hitler won
What was the SD?
- Led by Reinhard Heydrich
- Kept details of enemies of the party
What was the Gestapo?
Secret police who identified anyone against the NSDAP. They could torture people for answers
What was the first concentration camp?
When was it made?
Dachau
1933
Who were sent to concentration camps?
- Undesirables (homosexuals and prostitutes)
- Minority groups (Jews)
- Political prisoners
How did Hitler control the courts?
- Abolished trail by jury
- Established People’s Courts
- Judges were hand-picked by Hitler
What is a concordat?
What was Hitler’s concordat?
An agreement with the Pope
To leave Catholic worshippers alone (free to worship) and priests would not interfere with politics
How did Hitler treat the Catholic Church?
- Catholic priests arrested and sent to Dachau
- Catholic schools were closed
- Catholic youth activities and clubs banned
How did Hitler treat the Protestant Church?
- Renamed as the Reich Church
- Protestant pastors that supported Hitler continued their roles
- Swastika in churches
- Jews unable to be baptised
What is Censorship?
Banning information or ideas, helping to control the narrative the propaganda is spreading
Which individual was the Minister of People’s Enlightenment and Propaganda?
Joseph Goebbels
How did the Nazi’s use radio as propaganda?
- All radio stations under Nazi control
- Hitler made frequent broadcasts
- Cheap mass-produced radios were sold to the public
- All radios were short range so they could only pick up German stations
How did Nazi’s use sport as propaganda?
- Covered sports stadiums in swastika’s
- All teams make the Heil Hitler before a match
- Sports victories seen as Nazi victories
- Berlin Olympics win 1936
How did Nazi’s control Art?
- All painters had to join the Chamber of Arts
- Anyone who refused was banned from making art
- Encouraged artists with competitions to make art that was used as propaganda
Who was Hitler’s favourite architect?
What did he build?
Albert Speer
Nuremburg parade ground
Chancellor offices
How did the Nazi’s control books?
- No new books could be published without approval
- Existing books that went against Nazi views were banned
- Book burning
What was the Pastors’ Emergency League?
Martin Niemoller set the group up for Pastors who opposed the Nazi’s. They did not want:
- Joining all churches together
- Stopping Jews from becoming Christians
Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?
Teenagers who resented the military discipline and the lack of freedom. They would taunt the Hitler Youth and sang parodies of songs about Hitler in the countryside
Who were the Swing Youth?
Middle-class teenagers that admired American culture, they would listen to American music and drink and smoke. Organising illegal dances.
List three groups that opposed Hitler
Pastors Emergency League (PEL)
Edelweiss Pirates
The Swing Youth
What laws did the Nazi’s introduce to support marriage and children?
Law for the Encouragement of Marriage 1933
If a woman could not have children men were allowed to divorce women
The Mother’s Cross
Lebensborn programme
What were the levels of the Mothers Cross?
Bronze: 4-5 children
Silver: 6-7 children
Gold: 8+ children
What was the Lebensborn programme?
Single women encouraged to have children with SS members. Nurseries and financial aid given to those that did.
How did Nazi’s stop women from working?
In 1933 teachers, doctors and civil servants lost their jobs
In 1936 they could not be judges or lawyers
Schoolgirls were trained for motherhood
In 1937 Grammar schools for girls were banned
What was taught in the Hitler Youth?
Political training
Physical training
Military training
Character training
What was the girl version of the Hitler Youth called?
The League of German Maidens
How did Nazi’s change school curriculums?
Taught Race Studies
Traditional subjects like Maths were used as propaganda (maths problems relating to war etc.)
PE was doubled
Girls taught motherhood skills
Mein Kampf compulsory
What was the Labour Service?
Provided work for the unemployed such as: repairing roads, planting trees, draining marshes
What are three ways Hitler improved employment?
Building Autobahns
Rearmament
Took jobs away from Women and Jews
Changed statistics
The Labour Service
Armed forces
What was the Strength through Joy programme?
Make German workers lives better by providing leisure activities such as: sports events, films, theatre shows, foreign travel
How did the Nazi’s treat Slavs?
Called sub-human
Threatened to invade their countries for Lebensraum
How did the Nazi’s treat Gypsies?
Arrested and sent to concentration camps in 1933
Forced to live in special camps in 1936
Banned from travelling in groups in 1938
In 1939 they were forcibly removed from the country
How did Nazi’s treat Homosexuals?
Thousands were imprisoned from 1933-38
Sent to concentration camps
Encouraged castration
How did the Nazi’s treat the disabled?
Any mentally ill people were sterilised (no children)
T4 programme used to kill young disabled children
What year was there a boycott of Jewish shops?
1933
What were the Nuremburg Laws 1935?
Jews to wear yellow stars
Only those with German blood were Germans
Jews lost their rights to a passport
Jews banned from marrying German women
What caused the Kristallnacht?
Polish Jew shot a German in Paris
What was the Kristallnacht?
Gangs smashed and burned Jewish property and attacked Jews.
Led by SA and Hitler Youth but told not to wear uniforms
Shops, Homes and Synagogues targeted
