Medicine is hard Flashcards
1
Q
A 2-year-old child develops perianal itching, which is particularly bad at night
A
Enterobius vermicularis
2
Q
left renal artery leaves aorta at
A
L1
3
Q
Stimulates parietal cell maturation
A
Gastrin
4
Q
HLA DRB1
A
Arthritis
5
Q
Most common in cholangitis infections
A
E. coli
6
Q
Bleeding gums and poor healing
A
Ascorbic acid deficiency
7
Q
Location of thoracic duct in mediastinum
A
Posterior and superior
8
Q
When does closure of neural tube occur
A
Week 4 of pregnancy
9
Q
Hernia which may occur in infants
A
Indirect inguinal
10
Q
Classical oncogenes
A
PDGF, ras, src
11
Q
Chocolate agar with factors V and X
A
H. influenzae
12
Q
Commonest cause of empyema
A
Strep pneumoniae
13
Q
What is PCR for
A
Detecting mutated oncogenes
14
Q
What is ELISA for
A
Detecting specific antibodies
15
Q
Mutation of tumour suppressor gene in APC
A
Familial adenomatous polyposis
16
Q
Coeliac disease deficiencies
A
Iron, folate and B12
17
Q
Common organism causing post-birth infections
A
E. coli
18
Q
volume of distribution formula
A
dose/plasma concentration
19
Q
BCL-2
A
Follicular lymphoma gene
20
Q
Hepatomegaly with history of malignancy
A
Liver metastasis
21
Q
Vertebral arteries enter cranial cavity via
A
Foramen magnum
22
Q
No male-male transmission in which inheritance type
A
X-linked recessive
23
Q
Artery at risk with duodenal ulcers on the posterior wall
A
Gastroduodenal
24
Q
Most common collagen type
A
Type 1 - bone, skin and tendons
25
Supplies transverse colon
Middle colic artery
26
Immunoglobin found in secretions
IgA
27
Watery diarrhoea one week after arriving in Mexico
E. coli
28
BRCA1
Tumour suppressor gene
29
First immunoglobulin secreted in response to infection
IgM
30
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency association
Emphysema
31
Most common immunoglobulin produced in body
IgA
32
Acidosis shifts oxygen curve to the...
Right
33
Hyposplenism is complication of
Coeliac disease
34
Stains with dark ink
Cryptococcus neoformans
35
Mediate hyper acute organ rejection
B cells
36
Iron is absorbed in the
Duodenum
37
Activates macrophages
Interferon gamma
38
Inhibits reninin secretion
B-type natriuretic peptide
39
zymogens
inactive precursors of an enzyme
40
Contains the tail of the pancreas
splenorenal ligament
41
J wave ECG
Hypothermia
42
Janeway lesions/ Osler's nodes
subacute bacterial endocarditis
43
Diminished/absent lower limb pulses
coarctation of the aorta
44
Right sided pleuritic chest pain
Pneumonia
45
Hepatitis associated with IV drug users/tattoos
Hep B
46
Hepatitis associated with third world countries (faecal oral route)
Hep A
47
Early to mid diastolic murmur 10 days post MI
Ischaemia of papillary muscle
48
Abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, metabolic acidosis
Mesenteric ischaemia
49
Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with which disease
Haemochromatosis
50
Ligament that connects liver to anterior abdominal wall
Falciform
51
Thin squamous cells covering 97% of alveolar surface
Type 1 pneumocytes
52
Key molecule reduced in endothelial dysfunction
Nitric oxide
53
Smoke inhalation diagnosis until proven otherwise
Carbon monoxide poisoning (give high flow O2)
54
Produced by the ventricles in response to stretch, elevated in heart failure
BNP (Brain natriuretic peptide)
55
Deficiency common in alcoholics
Thiamine (B1)
56
Reduction in intrinsic factor (from gastrectomy etc) leads to
B12 deficiency / pernicious anaemia
57
Asbestos (20-40 years after exposure) causes
Mesothelioma
58
Absolute contraindication to thrombolysis
Brain neoplasm
59
Immobilisation after fracture, now at significant risk for
DVT, then pulmonary embolism
60
Acute aspiration can cause
Atelectasis (lung colapse)
61
Femoral triangle
Femoral vein, artery and nerve
62
Pain of appendicitis stimulated by flexion and internal rotation of the hip (indicates inflamed appendix lies close to obturator internus)
Cope's/obturator sign
63
Lower lobe consolidation, from inhalation of liquid, saliva, etc
Aspiration pneumonia
64
Treatment for uncomplicated AF
Medical cardioversion (amiodarone or flecainide)
65
Beck's triad
Muffled heart sounds, low systolic BP, distented neck veins
66
Levels are raised in acute pancreatitis
amylase (lipase after 24 hours)
67
Lateral,
Anterior/septal,
Inferior limbs lead correspond to
Circumflex
Left anterior descending
Right coronary
68
Tearing pain, radiates through to back
Aortic dissection
69
What type of jaundice causes:
- rise in ALP and bilirubin
- rise in ALT and AST
- Obstructive
| - Hepatic
70
Parasympathetic G-protein coupled receptors
m1 (Gq) - increases acid secretion
m2 (Gi) - decreases HR
m3 (Gq) - brochoconstriction and saliva secretion
71
Sympathetic G-protein coupled receptors
b1 (Gs) - increases HR and force
b2 (Gs) - relaxation of bronchial and vascular smooth muscle
a1 (Gq) - contraction of vascular smooth muscle
a2 (Gi) - inhibition of NA release
72
Action of Gq, Gi, and Gs
Gq - stimulates phospholipase C
Gi - inhibits adenylyl cyclase
Gs - stimulates adenylyl cyclase
73
Primary lymphoid tissue
Bone marrow and thymus
74
Strict aerobes
pseudomonas and legionella
75
Strict anaerobes
clostridium and becteroids
76
What binds vitamin B12
intrinsic factor
77
What do parietal cells secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor
78
What stimulates HCl secretion in the oxyntic mucosa
Histamine
79
To diagnose H. pylori
stool antigen test
urease breath test
serology (IgA antibodies)
80
mediate contraction of circular/longitudinal muscle
ACh and substance P
81
Consists of chemo-attraction, rolling, tight adhesion and transmigration
Leucocyte extravasation
82
Afterload is increased by what
Ventricular dilation
83
Autoimmune disease caused by antibodies to intrinsic factor +/- autoimmune destruction of gastric parietal cells
Pernicious anaemia
84
What type of gene is HSH2 gene (non-polyposis colorectal cancer)
DNA mismatch repair
85
Pentamer with highest complement activation capacity
IgM
86
C3a and C5a can activate what cells
mast cells and basophils
87
Sentinel loop seen on CXR
Acute pancreatitis
88
Which antibodies change in autoimmune hepatitis
Anti-smooth muscle antibodies
89
CT of lungs: region of ground glass opacity surrounded by denser lung tissue
Atoll sign
90
Friction rub
Pericarditis
91
Raised urea
Gastric ulcer
92
Complication of ERCP
Pancreatitis
93
Main immunoglobulin found in breast milk
IgA
94
What is preload the same as
end diastolic volume
95
which vitamin is a cofactor for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
B1
96
develops through molecular mimicry of the bacterial M protein
Rheumatic fever
97
one of the key features in the development of steatorrhoea
loss of lipase
98
biggest risk factor for adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus
Barrett's oesophagus
99
Acts as a cofactor in the carboxylation of clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X)
Vitamin K
100
Most commonly produced immunoglobulin in the body
IgA
101
inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linking
Cephalosporins
102
spread by the parenteral, sexual and vertical transmission route
Hepatitis C
103
α1 adrenergic receptors cause
smooth muscle contraction
104
non reversible COX 1 and 2 inhibitor
Aspirin
105
what can differentiate heart failure from COPD
Orthopnoea
106
most common cause of mitral stenosis
Rheumatic fever
107
Incompetent venous valves is the cause of
varicose veins
108
Cardiac size, contractility, preload and afterload are the 4 factors affecting...
stroke volume
109
_____ malabsorption can lead to steatorrhoea and Vitamin A, D, E, K malabsorption
Bile acid
110
can present with ipsilateral elevation of the hemidiaphragm due to compression of phrenic nerve
Lung cancer
111
can indicate an upper GI bleed versus lower GI bleed
High urea levels
112
Replacement of pancreatic enzymes is part of the management of patients with ____ to help aid digestion of food
chronic pancreatitis
113
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency causes _____ giving an _____ pattern of lung disease
emphysema
| obstructive
114
What disease causes increased lung compliance
Emphysema
115
Increases plasma calcium and plasma phosphate
Vitamin D
116
What does arterial stretch stimulate
Baroreceptors
117
Most common site affected by ischaemic colitis
splenic flexure
118
what vaccine is contraindicated in patients who are HIV positive, pregnant or have existing TB
BCG
119
fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase is the rate limiting enzyme for what reaction
gluconeogenesis
120
Where in the heart has the fastest conduction
Purkinje fibres
121
principal inhibitory neurotransmitter of the spinal cord
glycine
122
What layers does cellulitis involve
Deeper dermis and subcutaneous tissues
123
Muscarinic receptors in airway smooth muscle cause _____ when activated
constriction
124
Which pneumocytes secrete pulmonary surfactant and which are the simple squamous epithelial cells lining the alveoli
Type 2 - surfactant
| Type 1 - squamous lining alveoli
125
Which cranial nerves exclusively carry parasympathetic nerve fibres
2, 7, 9 and 10
126
The ____ connects the pulmonary trunk to the aorta in the foetal circulation and closes to form the _____ three weeks after birth.
ductus arteriosus, ligamentum arteriosum
127
new growth which occurs in the absence of a normal stimulus.
neoplasia
128
What is type one and type two respiratory failure
1 - low O2
| 2 - low O2, high CO2
129
Embolic stroke is a risk associated with which arrhythmia
AF
130
Coffe bean sign
sigmoid volvulus
131
Tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonary stenosis
right ventricular hypertrophy
ventricular septal defect
overriding aorta
132
investigation of choice to confirm a diagnosis of bronchiectasis
High resolution computed tomograpahy (HRCT)
133
Pathogen in the majority of bronchiolitis cases
RSV - respiratory syncytial virus
