Medicine Flashcards
Who was Hippocrates ?
Hippocrates was a greek doctor he believed the body was made up of four humours : blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile. He thought these were linked to the four seasons and the four elements so a person needs to have balance humours to be in good health . He also taught clinical observation which is a big part medicine today .
Who was Galen ?
Galen developed Hippocrates humans are suggesting disease could be treated with opposites . He also dissected animals to learn about human anatomy so as a result many of his ideas were wrong however there were accepted for many years as the church banned anybody from questioning his work as it supported the design theory
What was the miasma theory?
The miasma theory was the idea that bad air (miasma) which came from anything they created a bad smell causes disease.
What positive effect did the things that influence mediaeval medicine (Galen , miasma) have on progress ?
They ashamed that disease had a natural cause which prompted people to investigate and take action rather than except it was the will of God
How did Islamic medicine contribute to medical progress through preserving the writings of ancient Greeks and Romans?
A lot of medical knowledge was lost by the West after the fall of Rome, it was preserved by Islamic scholars. The capital became a centre for the translation of Greek manuscripts which were later translated back by countries in the west
How did the work of Muslim individuals contribute to medical progress in the Middle Ages?
Muslim doctor Rhazes was critical of ideas from thinkers such as Galen long before the West in his book ‘the virtuous life’
Ibn Sina wrote ‘the Canon of medicine’ which describes the symptoms and spread of contagious diseases
How did the Muslim religion help contribute to medical progress in the Middle Ages ?
The Koran care of others as a vital part of being a Muslim and Mohammad encourage people to improve their knowledge ‘for every disease Allah has given a cure’
How did peace and stability help contribute to medical progress in Islamic medicine ?
The whole empire was ruled by one man called the Caliph there were few wars and money could be put towards hospitals and universities
How did alchemy contribute to medical progress in islamic medicine ?
Although alchemists were unsuccessful in turning metals to gold they developed techniques such as distillation and sublimation
Name six ways which people in the Middle Ages tried to treat disease ?
1) prayer and repentance
2) balancing humours
3) purifying air
4) remedies
5) public hospitals
6) barber’s surgery
What were living conditions like in mediaeval towns?
Living conditions were very poor houses were made of wood and clumped together, waste was chucked in the streets and rivers and drinking water was contaminated with the waste .
What the living conditions like in Monasteries?
Living conditions in monasteries were much better they had purpose-built latrines which were in a separate building and built over streams of running water that carry the sewage away. They had separate water supplies for drinking and cooking and drainage and hospitals which cared for the poor and sick.
What was the black death ?
The black death was in epidemic from 1347 – 1351 of two plagues the bubonic plague (spread by fleas from rats causing headache, temperatures and buboes) and pneumonia plague (Airborne and attaches to lungs causing painful bleeding and coughing up blood)
What did people in the Middle Ages think caused the black death ?
Judgement from God, imbalanced humours and miasma
What was some ways people tried to cure the Black death?
Popping buebos , bleeding to release evils, attaching a chicken to buebos, flagellation and isolating towns
How did the black death change society ?
The Black death lowered the populations there were fewer workers which could demand higher wages allowing some peasants to finally buy land
It can be argued the Black death caused the peasants revolt of 1381 as the black death death led to the 1349 statute of labourers limiting the wages they could earn causing a revolt.
Who was Vesalius?
Vesalius Was a medical professor who dissecting humans rather than animals which proves going wrong in many ways. He wrote books such as ‘the fabric of the human body’ which contains accurate diagrams which were easily distributed to the invention of the printing press. For example he showed there were no holes in the septum of the heart.
Who was Harvey?
Harvey challenge Galens ideas that the liver produces the blood in his book ‘on the motions of the heart and blood’ and said blood circulates in veins (which contain valves) and arteries. His theory was rejected for 60 years by Conservatives who supported Galen.
Who was Paré?
Paré Was an army surgeon who ran out of boiling oil used For sealing gunshot wounds so instead he used a mixture of egg yolk, turpentine and Rose oil– an old Roman technique. To surprise his patients recover quicker. He also use ligatures to tile vessels during amputation instead of cauterising which reduce death by shock but increased risk of infection.
What and when was the great plague?
The great plague was an epidermic of made me the bubonic plague in 1665
What similarities to the great plague have to the black death?
Bloodletting was used, my asthma was blamed on treatments were still based on religion and superstition
What were the differences between the great plague and the black death?
The Parish Council tried to prevent diseases spread through: Plague victims were quarantined, public areas like theatres were closed and dead bodies are buried in mass graves.
How did doctors training and knowledge improve during the Renaissance?
The doctors change at the College of physicians set up in 1518 and it gave them a license which separates them from quack doctors. New weapons like cannons and guns were used in war so doctors had to find new treatments. Exploration abroad bought new ingredients for drugs. And Protestant reforms reduce the influence of the Catholic Church so dissection became popular
What were quack doctors?
Quack doctors are doctors with no real medical knowledge who sold medicines that didn’t work and nothing did more harm than good at fairs and markets
Why did surgeons gain the same status as doctors in the Renaissance?
Surgeons are now trained at the London College of surgeons set up in 1800 which set training standards for surgeons
Who was John Hunter?
John Hunter was a well-known surgeon scientist he made many contributions to medicine including he argues infection of gunshot wins was not a result of poisoning by gunpowder and was against the practice of dilation of wins to remove gunpowder due to chance of infection. He saved amputations by treating an aneurysm (Belgian blood vessel) by tying it off in 1785. He also taught surgeons good scientific methods such as observation, experimenting and testing on animals.
Why weren’t there many hospitals at the start of the Renaissance?
There weren’t many hospitals at the start of the Renaissance as Henry the eighth had closedown most of monasteries which ran most hospitals
What hospitals were there available in the Renaissance?
Charity hospitals – funded by the rich such as guys hospital opened only admitted those who have recovered quickly and the deserving poor
Dispensaries – provided medicines and non-residential care to the poor without charge
Workhouse infirmaries – began to slowly improve in the 1800s
University hospitals – provided medical training
