Elizabeth

Question 1

Which early experiences shaped Elizabeth as a queen?

Answer 1

Her mother, Anne Boleyn, was executed by her father

She was almost executed twice for treason when accused of being involved in plots against Edward and Mary

Question 2

What was the Queens court?

Answer 2

The queens court was a collection of servants, advisors and the queen herself which worked for her. It included 500 courtiers.

Question 3

What was patronage?

Answer 3

Patronage was giving titles, offices or monopolies (exclusive rights to produce an item) to ensure the loyalty as those with patronage became dependant on her for their power and income

Question 4

How did Elizabeth deal with competing courtiers?

Answer 4

Elizabeth dealt with competing courtiers through using a divide and rule tactic, she would give them equally powerful jobs

Question 5

What was the privy council?

Answer 5

The privy council was a group of 19 trusted ministers which helped Elizabeth govern England?

Question 6

How did Elizabeth’s first privy council show her skill as a politician?

Answer 6

Elizabeth’s first privy council included a compromise of Mary’s men and her own advisors

Question 7

Who was the Secretary of State?

Answer 7

William Cecil was the Secretary of State- the most powerful minister. He was a member of the gentry and former MP who was loyal and cautious

Question 8

Who was the Master of the horse ?

Answer 8

The master of the horse was Robert Dudley who was responsible for the Queens safety. He was a member of the nobility and a committed Puritan. A favourite of the queen, ambitious and radical

Question 9

Who was the Secretary of State of foreign affairs?

Answer 9

Sir Francais Walsingham was the Secretary of State for foreign affairs as well as in charge of the ‘Secret service’ the queens network of spies and informers. A Puritan and often clashed with Cecil

Question 10

What was progress?

Answer 10

A progress was when the queen and her court went to stay with nobles, often used as propaganda to impress them with her power.

Question 11

Why did courtiers commission portraits?

Answer 11

Courtiers commissioned portraits to show loyalty- this was strictly controlled and artists could only copy approved portraits

Question 12

What difficulties did Elizabeth face as a female ruler?

Answer 12

Many people though women were too weak to rule, that it should be a man. Others through she should act as a figurehead and leave her male counsellors to take control. Others thought she should find a husband to rule for her.

Question 13

Why did some people think Mary queen of Scots had more right to the throne?

Answer 13

Because Elizabeth was the child of Henry’s second wife- and divorce was illegal in the catholic church so to many Elizabeth was illegitimate

Question 14

Which two chambers made up parliament?

Answer 14

The House of Lords- not elected, made up of nobility and senior church men

The House of Commons- elected but only by men who owned property over a certain amount

Question 15

What were the three main things parliament were responsible for?

Answer 15

Advice: parliament allowed the queen and privy council to gauge the mood and level of support of the country, however Elizabeth rarely paid any attention to parliaments advice

Taxation- parliaments main role was to give permission to the queen to raise taxes

Legislation- the queen needed parliaments approval to pass new laws however she could often bypass this with royal proclamation

Question 16

How many times did parliament meet with Elizabeth during Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 16

Parliament only were called 13 times in her 44 year reign as she disliked working with it

Question 17

Why did the parliament mainly focus on local matter and social and economic issues?

Answer 17

Because they had to have permission from the queen to discuss matters of state (religion, the succession, foreign policy) because the Q believed that her divine right gave her a royal prerogative to decide matters of state without interference from parliament

Question 18

How did the privy council keep control of parliament?

Answer 18

The privy council kept control as some privy council members (eg sir Francis walsingham) sat in parliament to steer debates in royal favour. The speaker, who kept order in the House of Commons, was also chosen and monitored by the privy council.

Question 19

Give examples of disagreement in parliament

Answer 19

Parliament often tried to persuade Elizabeth to marry or name an heir, Puritan MP’s challenges the religious settlement and many MP’s tried to persuade her to take action against Mary queen of Scots. Occasionally they tried to force the Q into changing her mind by threatening to refuse taxation.

Question 20

Why was there pressure for Elizabeth to marry?

Answer 20

Many thought a husband could rule more effectively. Parliament and the privy council were concerned about the succession, without an heir a civil war could begin

Question 21

What problems did she face when choosing a suitor?

Answer 21

If she chose a foreign prince/ king they could have too much influence over England.

If she chose English nobility it would create anger among those who weren’t chosen

If she chose a catholic it would be unpopular she may even allow him to change the countries religion

Question 22

What were the advantages and disadvantages of choosing King Philip II?

Answer 22

The advantages were he was the most rich and powerful man in the world, their marriage would create a strong alliance between Spain and England

The disadvantages were he was a catholic and her brother in law

Question 23

What were the advantages and disadvantages of choosing Archduke Charles of Austria?

Answer 23

The advantages were it would create an alliance

Disadvantages are he was a catholic

Question 24

What were the advantages and disadvantages of choosing Robert Dudley?

Answer 24

The advantages were he was a childhood friend and favourite - he was also an influential privy councillor

Disadvantages were his wife died under mysterious circumstances which was too scandalous

Question 25

What were the advantages and disadvantages of choosing the Duke of Alencon?

Answer 25

The advantages were he was heir to the French throne and would create an alliance with France

Disadvantages were he was a catholic, Elizabeth was too old for children and without and heir England could fall to France.

Question 26

Why were the last 15 years of Elizabeth’s reign so different?

Answer 26

Three of her closest advisers died Christopher Hatton, Walsingham and Cecil. She made Cecil’s son Robert Cecil a councillor and Dudley step son the earl of Essex a councillor also. This led to conflicting groups forming in court around the two men.

Question 27

What were the causes, events and consequences of Essex’s rebellion?

Answer 27

Causes- Essex was sent to crush Tyrone’s rebellion in Ireland, instead he made a truce. As punishment Elizabeth banished him from court and took away his monopoly on sweet wines. His loss of income and political power led him to revolt
Events: he launched a rebellion on the 8th feb 1601 with the aim of seizing the queen and forcing her to replace her closest advisors with himself and his followers.
Consequences: it failed due to lack of committed followed who abandoned the cause when Elizabeth celery said those who backed down would be treated lightly and freed the 4 councillors taken hostage. Essex was executed

Question 28

Why did poverty increase during Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 28

1) Population increase – population grew from 3 to 4 million productions can keep up the prices rose leading to inflation this means living standards fell as people struggle to afford food and rent increased due to the population increase.
2) monasteries closing – Henry the eighth had closed all monasteries which provides support for the poor
3) enclosure - Strip farming was Replaced by more efficient enclosure farming which needs less of the workers so they were forced to migrate to towns to find work
4) Poor harvests of 1594 and 1598 Lead to inflation

Question 29

What were the attitudes towards the poor during Elizabeth’s reign?

Answer 29

The poor were viewed as vagabonds who were poor because they’re lazy this was because of the vagabond act of 1530 which labelled poor people as criminals and made acceptable to whip and put them in the stocks

Question 30

How and why did the government take action on poverty?

Answer 30

Poor law of 1560- introduced a tax known as the ‘poor rate’ to raise money for the poor as they began to realize charity wasn’t enough

Poor law of 1601- made the ‘poor rate’ compulsory and forced every parish to be responsible for its vagabonds and employ two overseers of the poor to tax the parish. This tax was used to provide hospitals and housing for the helpless poor and apprenticeships and jobs for the deserving poor. The undeserving poor were still criminals and whipped. This law was a result of the 1590’s poverty crisis.

Question 31

Why was there a growth in nobility and gentry during Elizabeths reign ?

Answer 31

– Population growth – increasing population also lead to an increase in rent for landowners (gentry) so they earned lot of money from their land .
– Changing farming practices – enclosure meant land was farmed more efficiently so the gentry could produce more food from the land which combined with the rising food prices meant the landowners earned a lot of money from their land .
– National and international trade – merchants became increasingly wealthy they use the money to buy land to become part of the gentry

Question 32

What were the fashions during the golden age ?

Answer 32

– art – elaborate decorations including portraits, miniatures, tapestries and embroidery were popular
– clothing – expensive fabrics and detailed embroidery were worn to show wealth and status
– literature – some collected large libraries while others supported the work of poets playwright
– education – most noble families employed a private tutor or sent their children to grammar schools

Question 33

What was the great rebuilding ?

Answer 33

Great room rebuilding was from the 1570s many members of the gentry and nobility improved their homes for comfort and to display wealth including:
– Chimneys and fireplaces –houses were better heated and more comfortable
– Renaissance ideas – influence symmetry E or heat shaped building
– large landscaped gardens – displayed wealth
– large windows – glass is expensive so they showed wealth

Question 34

What were considered entertainment for the rich nd entertaiment for the poor before the 1570s ?

Answer 34

Entertain the rich included banquets and dances where as entertainment for the poor included cockfights and village fairs

Question 35

What encouraged actors to organise themselves ?

Answer 35

A law passed in 1572 saying all actors had to have a licence and those who did not were to be punished as vagabonds which encouraged actors to organise themselves

Question 36

When was the first purpose-built theatre opened ?

Answer 36

The first purpose-built theatre called ‘the theatre’ open in 1576

Question 37

How many theatres and companies were there in London by the end of Elizabeths reign?

Answer 37

There were seven major theatres and 40 companies of actors by the end of Elizabeths reign in London

Question 38

What did the design of theatres reflect ?

Answer 38

the theatre reflected the pecking order of society known as the great chain of being
The pit was where ordinary people stood completely open to the weather, the galleries were seated covered areas for richer members of the audience and the Lord’s room were the most expensive seats in the house located on the balcony above the stage and visible to the audience

Question 39

What opposition did theatres face?

Answer 39

Puritans disagreed with theatres which they saw as a immoral and encouraged criminal activities
London authorities didn’t want theatres within city walls as they encouraged crime
The government were worried that theatres could spread pro-Catholics/anti-government messages

Question 40

How did theatres show patronage?

Answer 40

An act of 1572 punished any theatre companies without a patron so many privy councillors became patrons to gain profits and shape public opinions of themselves they could also sensor plays . Examples include sir Francis Walsingham became the patron of the Queens man

Question 41

How do theatres show propaganda and politics ?

Answer 41

Elizabethan says were often used for propaganda so many playwrights such as Shakespeare wrote plays that put the Tudors in a favourable light for example ‘ A Larimer for London’ a play showing Spanish soldiers killing innocent civilians were so many times during the 1580s during the conflict with Spain. Plays containing slanderous comments about the Queen or dramatize a monarch being overthrown were often censored

Question 42

How did Theatres show popularity?

Answer 42

Actors have been poorly regarded during Elizabeth’s early reign but by the end actors such as Richard Burbage were celebrities of the day and also many were theatre owners
Similarly playwrights such as William Shakespeare became widely celebrated and countless expressions and words from his plays have now formed the English language

Question 43

How did theatres show cultural and educational development

Answer 43

If it provides an opportunity for all social classes to mix and enjoy the play place accessible to the very poorest as flags were flown with colours which symbolise the type of play was about to commence for those who couldn’t read

Question 44

Why did Elizabeth hire privateers ?

Answer 44

Spain was very hostile towards England and did not allow Danish sailors to trade with its colonies in Spain which would have been very profitable so tension grew . Elizabeth responded by hiring privateers which were men licenced by the government to attack Spanish ships and still their cargo

Question 45

Who was John Hawkins ?

Answer 45

John Hawkins was the first English privateer to complete the Atlantic slave trade . He made two very profitable voyages on which he bought slaves in West Africa , transported across the Atlantic and sold them to Spanish colonies in the Americas . On his third voyage most of his ships were destroyed by Spanish ships in the battle of San Juan de Ulúa.

Question 46

Who was Francis Drake ?

Answer 46

Drake was Hawkings cousin and accompanied him on two of his late trade expeditions . He wanted revenge on the Spanish for the battle of San Juan de Ulúa so became a privateer attacking many Spanish ships and became a hero to the English. Between 1577–80 Drake circumnavigated the earth- a huge achievement as he was the first English man to do so he brought back treasures were 200 million in today’s money and was knighted in 1581

Question 47

Who was Raleigh?

Answer 47

Raleigh was a sailor which the Queen gave permission in 1584 to colonize on unclaimed territory . He claimed a territory on the Roanoke islands and named it Virginia – however settlers soon ran low on supplies and many abandoned the colony. Raleigh sent a second group to the Roanoke in 1587 , however supplies were delayed by the Spanish armada and when the ships came in 1590 they’ve vanished without a trace . In 1592 he was disgraced after marrying one of Elizabeths ladies in waiting.

Question 48

What was the act of supremacy ?

Answer 48

The act of supremacy was an act passed in 1559 which altered the title ‘supreme head of church’ to ‘supreme governor of church’ which re-established the break from Rome but also allowed Catholics to see the Pope is the head of the church

Question 49

What was the active uniformity ?

Answer 49

The active uniformity was passed in 1559 and included many reforms including those that please the Protestants : church was compulsory and fines for missing a service , a common prayer book and services and Bible in English . It also included reforms to please the Catholics such as catholic tradition are kept including priests wearing vestments and decorations such as ornaments on the communion table.

Question 50

Why did Mary Queen of Scots have a strong claim to the throne?

Answer 50

She was granddaughter of Margaret Tudor who was the sister of Henry VIII as Elizabeth could possibly be considered illegitimate many thought Mary was the rightful Queen

Question 51

Write an account of Mary Queen of Scots early life

Answer 51

She became Queen of Scotland six days old but was raised in France , she married the French heir at 15 who died suddenly in 1560 so she returned to Scotland . 1565 she married Scottish noble Lord Danley who stabbed mary’s secretary as he thought that they were having an affair . In 1567 danley was murdered and many thought Mary and the earl of bothwell were to blame. In 1567 Mary is imprisoned and forced to abdicate in favour of her one-year-old son by Scottish Nobles 1568 Mary escaped from prison and raise an army which is defeated so she faced England wishes hopes to protection from Queen Elizabeth.

Question 52

How did Elizabeth treat Mary when she arrived in England?

Answer 52

She imprisoned Mary and set up an enquiry to investigate whether she had been involved in Darnleys murder. She didn’t want to find her guilty because it would support the actions of the Scottish Nobles overthrowing the Queen but she also don’t want to find her not guilty as she would had to release her so there was no verdict to keep Mary in captivity

Question 53

What were the causes of the northern rebellion 1569

Answer 53

1) many Northern nobles were still Who saw the arrival of Mary Queen of Scots as an opportunity to have a catholic queen
2) Elizabeth confiscated large areas of land from the earl of Northumberland
3) Elizabeth claimed all profits from the copper mines discovered on the earl of Northumberland’s estate
4) Elizabeth reduce the power of Northern nobles and increased her control through putting southern Protestants in control of the council of the North

Question 54

What was the plan of the northern rebellion in 1569 ?

Answer 54

The plan was for the duke of norfolk to marry Mary Queen of Scots and have her recognised as Elizabeth heir. Then they would murder Elizabeth to put Mary on the throne

Question 55

What happened during the northern rebellion 1569?

Answer 55

Doubly heard of the plans and arrested and imprisoned Norfolk . The catholic earls involved captured Durham Cathedral where they celebrated catholic mass and then marched south awaiting support from Philip II which never came, a large Royal Army force them to retreat and the earls fled to Scotland

Question 56

What were the consequences of the northern rebellion 1569 ?

Answer 56

Northumberland and always 400 rebel troops were executed.
It showed Mary Queen of Scots could not be trusted
Pope excommunicated Elizabeth encouraging the rebels to revel again
And the treason act of 1571 was put in place which meant anyone who claimed Elizabeth was illegitimate face the death penalty

Question 57

What were missionary priests?

Answer 57

In 1568 William Allen found it a missionary to train English catholic priests to return to England to conduct services and keep the belief alive As a result Elizabeth gives existing catholic priest 40 days to leave and those who are ordained to face death she also puts in place if she was to be assassinated Mary would not become Queen

Question 58

What was the plan for the Ridolfi plot of 1571?

Answer 58

Ridolfi Was in Italian banker and spy for the Pope living in England he planned to kill Elizabeth, start a Spanish invasion and put Mary Queen of Scots on the throne and then marry the Duke of Norfolk

Question 59

What actually happened during the Ridolfi plot of 1571?

Answer 59

Cecil found out about the plot and arrested Norfolk befor any plans could go ahead

Question 60

What was the plan for the Throckmorton plot? 1583

Answer 60

The plan was for a catholic French force backed by Spanish and papal money to invade England, free Mary, kill Elizabeth and make Mary Queen of Scots Queen of England

Question 61

What were the events and consequences of the Throckmorton plot 1583?

Answer 61

Walsingham found out and watched Throckmorton before torturing him until he admitted and executed him. Main consequence was no more Spanish ambassadors were brought to England

Question 62

What was the plan for the Babington plot of 1586?

Answer 62

The plan was using a Spanish invasion force to kill Elizabeth and put Mary on the throne

Question 63

What were the events and consequences of the Babington plot 1586?

Answer 63

Wolsingham had agents who intercepted the coded letters between Mary and Babbington but allowed it to continue to get evidence against Mary eventually he was arrested hung drawn and quartered. The consequences were Mary was executed

Question 64

What were the consequences of Marie’s execution?

Answer 64

Mary’s execution in 1587 reduced catholic threat at home with no obvious person to put on the throne, Increase catholic threat abroad as James could seek revenge of Philip was now determined to invade and Mary became a martyr

Question 65

What was the puritan threat?

Answer 65

Many puritans wanted further refunds to make the church more Protestant and 1570s they introduce prophesy is things which was training that a priest how to preach Elizabeth thought this would bring more opposition to the religious settlement.

Question 66

How does Elizabeth deal with the puritan threat?

Answer 66

Elizabeth orders Archbishop Whitgift to suppress puritanism:all priests had to accept the regulations of the Church of England or face suspension and appears impressed with censored this led to some puritans forming a separate church and are separatists.

Question 67

What were the reasons for the Spanish armada?

Answer 67

– Conflict – in 1581 Protestant rebels in the Netherlands declared independence from Spain when the rebel leader was assassinated in 1584 Elizabeth sign the Treaty of Nonesuch which promise military assistance Which angered Philip
– Religion
– The execution of Mary Queen of Scots

Question 68

Why did Elizabeth sign the Treaty of Nonesuch in 1584?

Answer 68

Elizabeth sign the Treaty of Nonesuch to protect Dutch Protestantism, To ensure English merchants could reach European markets via Dutch ports and to protect against Philip using the Netherlands as a base for an invasion of England

Question 69

Write an account of the Spanish armada

Answer 69

• Drake tax code is in 1587 destroying 30 Ships and catching seasoned wood which caused problems later on delaying the armada for a year
• In May 1588 170 ships in a defensive Cresant formation made their way to the English Channel
• The English light Beetons when the Amada are spotted of the coast of Cornwall to warn of attack
• The armada anchor a Calais to pick up troops to invade however they are late leaving them vulnerable to attack
• The English seize the opportunity and send fire ships full of tartan gunpowder towards the Amada causing the sciatica anchors and break the formation
• They regroup at Gravelines where the English move in and battle for hours sinking five Spanish ships
• Your mother forced to abandon the invasion and are forced to retreat around the dangerous waters around the edge of Scotland and Ireland due to huge storms, and ships are wrecked on Scottish and Irish coast but they given a messy others die from starvation and disease so lesson half the fleet make it back

Question 70

Why did the Spanish armada fail

Answer 70

1) Spanish weakness – the Duke of Medina Sidonia had no experience and suffer from seasickness, they only had 8000 sailors compare to the 1800 soldiers and their galleons not find the water and were not very manoeuvrable
2) English strengths – they had good leadership, smaller and quicker manoeuverable ships manned by skilled sailors, used fireships, stayed out a range of Spanish tactics were to board their vessel and accurate and long-range guns
3) . huge storms forced Spanish to travel around the dangerous Scottish and Irish coast and the leading Admiral Santa Cruz died leading to the appointment of the Duke of Medina Sidonia

Question 71

Consequences of the Spanish armada

Answer 71

The two other armadas Philip sent were on successful which defined England as a superpower just as strong as Spain