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Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

What were doctors called in Middle Ages?

A

Physicians

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2
Q

What did physicians use to decide treatments?

A

Doctrine of signatures followed
God had power to create illness
Zodiac charts

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3
Q

What natural treatments did physicians use?

A

Herbs
Honey
Urine charts

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4
Q

What did physicians use urine for?

A

Diagnose illness

Taste to see if taste sweet for diabetes

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5
Q

Name 2 main influences on British medicine in Middle Ages

A

Hippocrates

Galen

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6
Q

When was Hippocrates alive?

A

460-370BC

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7
Q

What Hippocratic treatment still underpins modern medicine?

A

Clinical observation

Examining and observing patient and keeping detailed records

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8
Q

What is clinical observation?

A

Clinical observation

Examining and observing patient and keeping detailed records

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9
Q

What is theory of 4 humours?

A

Body consists of 4 humours
Balanced for good health

Blood
Phlegm
Black bile
Yellow bile

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10
Q

What are 4 humours?

A

Body consists of 4 humours

Blood
Phlegm
Black bile
Yellow bile

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11
Q

How did they draw blood?

A

Applied Leeches
Opened veins
Used to treat infections
Balance humours

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12
Q

How did Galen learn about anatomy?

A

Animal dissection
Led to errors but was accepted by church
Design theory

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13
Q

What did Christians believe illness was?

A

A punishment for sinful behaviour

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14
Q

Why did Galen dissect animals?

A

To learn about anatomy

Human dissection banned

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15
Q

What is difference between Islamic and British medicine?

A

Islamic doctors wrote medical encyclopaedia
Treated patients in hospitals
Trained doctors

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16
Q

How did war improve surgeons skills?

A 
Improved skill in sealing wounds 
Quicker amputations
Improved ointments and painkillers
Sharing manuals and wound man diagrams 
New tools
Arrow cup for removing arrows
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17
Q

What is an arrow cup?

A

Tool to remove arrow heads from body without causing more damage

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18
Q

What is a wound man diagram?

A

Surgical diagram
1491

Shows cuts, wounds, rashes and other injuries

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19
Q

Why was public health bad in Middle Ages?

A

Poor sanitation, water supply and waste disposal
Bath houses available only for rich people
People believed it was not their role to ensure good hygiene for others
King’s role to protect from invasion not prevent disease

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20
Q

Why did monks have superior public health systems?

A

Monks literate and read lots
Stored water in wells and reservoirs
Kitchens separate from toilets to prevent contamination
Fresh running water

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21
Q

Why did people believe they got Black Death?

A 
Act of God
Punishment for sinful acts
Astrology
Alignment of sun and planets
Minority groups Jews accused of poisoning water supplies 
Miasma theory caused by bad smells
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22
Q

What is miasma theory?

A

Bad smells caused illness

Caused Black Death

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23
Q

How were Jews accused of causing Black Death?

A

Poisoning water supplies

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24
Q

How was astrology linked to Black Death?

A

Alignment of sun and planets caused it

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25
Q

Name an ancient treatment used to treat Black Death?

A

Prayer
Whipping themselves flagellants to show they repent sins
Bleeding

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26
Q

Why did king organise special services?

A

Treatment of Black Death

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27
Q

Why did people whip themselves to avoid catching Black Death?

A

To show they had repented their sins

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28
Q

Why were flowers put in potions to treat Black Death?

A

To avoid bad smells

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29
Q

What inventions helped advance British medicine?

A

Microscope

Caxton printing press to allow ideas to be shared across Europe

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30
Q

How did Vesalius improve understanding of anatomy?

A

Human dissection

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31
Q

When was Vesalius alive?

A

1514-64

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32
Q

Why did Vesalius’ work have limited impact on treatment?

A

Doctors did not know about cause of illness

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33
Q

What was Vesalius ‘ book called?

A

De Humani Corporis Fabrica

On the fabric of the human body

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34
Q

Who was Pare?

A

French army surgeon
Experimented on wounded soldiers
Discovered better ways to prevent bleeding

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35
Q

When was Pare alive?

A

1510-90

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36
Q

What did Pare use instead of cauterising?

A

Ligatures to tie wounds

Had higher success rate

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37
Q

When Pare ran out of oil what did he use to seal wounds?

A

Egg yolk
Turpentine
Oil of roses

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38
Q

What did Harvey discover?

A

Circulation of blood
Valves
heart beat continuously
Blood pumped around body

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39
Q

Which kings was Harvey doctor to?

A

King James 1

King Charles 1

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40
Q

Why was Harvey‘s work not accepted in Britain?

A

Because it challenged Galen who thought liver produced blood

They could not see capillaries so did not believe

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41
Q

Compare surgery in Middle Ages with renaissance

A 
Vesalius Pare Harvey
Questioned role of God
Improved science 
Microscope 
Caxton printing press
Allowed ideas to spread across Europe
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42
Q

When was Great Plague?

A

1665

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43
Q

What were quacks?

A

Pretended they had a medical qualification

Sold fake potions

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44
Q

Who were most people treated by in renaissance?

A

Female family members

Local wise women

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45
Q

What improved training of surgeons?

A

Royal college for physicians
All doctors had to do a course in anatomy
Work for a year before qualifying

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46
Q

What did plague doctors wear?

A

Covered all parts of body to prevent catching it
Beak of mask contains herbs to prevent bad smells
Stick to beat ill people

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47
Q

What does smallpox cause?

A

Death
Blindness
Scarring

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48
Q

Who did Edward Jenner inject with small amount of smallpox to give immunity?

A

James Phipps

6 year old boy

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49
Q

Where did Edward Jenner live?

A

Berkeley

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50
Q

When did Jenner publish his vaccinations findings?

A

1798

51
Q

Why did vaccination face opposition?

A

Wrong to inject cow pox into humans
Smallpox thought a punishment from God
Prevention interfered with God’s will

52
Q

When was vaccination made free for all babies?

A

1840

53
Q

When was vaccination made compulsory?

A

1853

54
Q

When was Louis Pasteur‘s germ theory?

A

1861

55
Q

What did Koch discover?

A

Stained bacteria
Easier to identify under microscope
Linked germs to diseases

56
Q

What field was Louis Pasteur in?

A

Microbiology
Microorganisms
Germ theory

57
Q

What did Robert Koch identify cause of?

A

Diphtheria

Typhoid

58
Q

What disease did Paul Ehrlich treat?

A

Syphilis

59
Q

What was name of drug invented by Paul Ehrlich to treat syphilis?

A

Salvarsan 606

60
Q

What year did Paul Ehrlich invent Salvarsan 606?

A

1910

61
Q

When was stethoscope invented?

A

1816

62
Q

When was X-ray machine invented?

A

1895

63
Q

Who invented anaesthetic?

A

James Simpson

1847

64
Q

When was chloroform invented?

A

1847

65
Q

Why did Queen Victoria use chloroform?

A

Childbirth
Son Leo
1853

66
Q

Who developed antiseptic surgery?

A

Joseph Lister

67
Q

Why did chloroform not reduce mortality rates?

A

Longer operations led to increased blood loss

Hard for accurate dose to be given

68
Q

Who was first British surgeon to wear gloves and change clothes for operating?

A

Berkeley Moyniham

1890

69
Q

How is cholera caused?

A

Infected water
John Snow
1854

70
Q

What was Edwin Chadwick famous for?

A

Improvement in public health

Linked poverty to poor living standards

71
Q

What is laissez faire policy?

A

Leave alone

Government should not interfere in people’s lives

72
Q

When were public health laws introduced ?

A

1848 Public Health Act

73
Q

Who first used penicillin?

A

Joseph Lister

Then Alexander Fleming

74
Q

Who were Florey and Chain?

A

Researched penicillin 1937

75
Q

When was penicillin first tested on humans?

A

1941

76
Q

Give examples of alternative medicine

A

Acupuncture
Homeopathy
Aromatherapy
hypnotherapy

77
Q

When was first pacemaker?

A

1961

78
Q

What is keyhole surgery

A

Use a small incision

Make ops quicker

79
Q

Name 2 people involved in penicillin research?

A

Alexander Fleming
Joseph Lister
Florey and Chain

80
Q

What was Beveridge report?

A

1942
Proposals for welfare changes after WW2
Set up national health service

81
Q

When was NHS started?

A

1948

82
Q

List 3 government public health measures since 1900

A

Free school meals 1906
Old age pensions 1908
Labour exchange to help unemployed find work

83
Q

Which battle was Pare at?

A

Battle of Milan

1536

84
Q

What did they use in medieval times to clean wounds?

A

Wine

85
Q

Which war was Florence Nightingale in?

A

Crimean War

86
Q

When was plastic surgery first used?

A

First World War

Reconstruct disfigurements

87
Q

When was a law passed which fined people for throwing garbage in rivers?

A

1388

88
Q

When was smallpox declared eradicated?

A

1980

89
Q

Who described 2 types of plague?

A

Guy de Chauliac
Pneumonic
Bubonic

90
Q

Name a medieval Islamic physician

A

Albucasis
Al Razi wrote comprehensive book on medicine
Avicenna wrote cannon of medicine

91
Q

When did Black Death arrive in Britain?

A

1348

92
Q

When did William Caxton print first book in Britain?

A

1476

93
Q

What is theory of opposites?

A

Treat illness by balancing humours

Hot cold wet dry

94
Q

What is purging?

A

Make a person vomit or open bowels
to treat illness
rebalance humours

95
Q

What is an apothecary?

A

A person who prepared and sold medicines

Chemist

96
Q

How much of Europe’s population was killed by Black Death?

A

1/3

97
Q

Who is often referred to as founder of modern human anatomy?

A

Andreas Vesalius

Flemish anatomist

98
Q

Who is considered as father of surgery?

A

Abroise Pare

99
Q

When did Vesalius publish Fabrica?

A

1543

100
Q

When did Pare publish works on surgery?

A

1575

Ligatures

101
Q

When was great plague?

A

1665

Great fire of London 1666

102
Q

What was Edwin Chadwick’s report about?

A

Sanitation

Direct link between poor living conditions, disease and life expectancy

103
Q

How did John Snow prevent spread of cholera?

A

Enter via mouth not miasma
People stopped using contaminated pump
Cases of cholera dropped

104
Q

What is pasteurisation?

A

Using heat to kill bacteria

105
Q

What was Pasteur’s germ theory?

A

Food went off

Contamination by microbes in air

106
Q

Who is known as father of antiseptic surgery?

A

Joseph Lister

107
Q

Who is considered founder of modern bacteriology?

A

Robert Koch

108
Q

What did Paul Ehrlich call his chemical that attached to germs and killed them?

A

Magic bullets

109
Q

What was the first magic bullet?

A

Salvarsan 606

110
Q

What is laissez faire?

A

The policy of leaving things alone and not interfering

111
Q

When did Simpson discover chloroform?

A

1847

112
Q

When was pasteurisation discovered?

A

1860 -64

113
Q

When did Lister first use carbolic acid as an antiseptic?

A

1865

114
Q

When was Salvarsan 606 discovered?

A

1909

115
Q

What was first antibiotic?

A

Penicillin

116
Q

When was penicillin discovered ?

A

1928

117
Q

Who mass produced penicillin during WW2?

A

Florey and Chain

118
Q

Who identified 5 giants to improve quality of life?

A

William Beveridge

119
Q

Who introduced free care for everyone/ NHS?

A

Enduring BEVAN

120
Q

Who developed DNA?

A

Crick and WATSON

121
Q

Who performed first heart transplant.

A

Christian Barnard

122
Q

What were 5 giants in Beveridge report?

A 
Disease
Want
Ignorance
Idleness
Squalor
123
Q

When was NHS set up?

A

1948

History (6 decks)

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