Medicine

Question 1

OLD CARTS

Answer 1

Onset
Location
Duration
Character
Aggravating/associated symptoms
Relieving
Timing (recurrence)
Severity

Question 2

Infective Endocarditis

Answer 2

Echo findings, blood cultures, splinter hemorrhages, Roth spots (retina), Janeway lesions (macular dermal lesions), Osler nodes (endothelial inflammation)

Question 3

Sequelae of HTN

Answer 3

Left ventricular hypertrophy
CHF
Ischemic heart disease
Renal insufficiency
Retinopathy
CVA
PVD

Question 4

Anticoagulant reversal agents:
Warfarin
Heparin
Dabigatran
Rivaroxaban / apixaban
Ticagrelor

Answer 4

Reversal Agents:
Warfarin - K-Centra, FFP, Vitamin K
Heparin - protamine sulfate
Dabigatran - idarucizumab (Praxbind)
Rivaroxaban / apixaban - Andexanet alfa
Ticagrelor - bentracimab

Question 5

MELD-Na

Answer 5

Bilirubin
Creatinine
INR
Serum sodium
90 day mortality
Scored 6-40, with 40 showing mortality of 90% in 3 months

Question 6

Mitral Stenosis

Answer 6

Management: Keep them dry and slow

Question 7

Mitral Regurgitation

Answer 7

S3 sound
Holosystolic blowing murmur at the cardiac apex radiating to the the axilla
Management: Keep them fast

Question 8

Aortic stenosis

Answer 8

Crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
Acquired von Willebrand’s disease
Almost always have a degree of regurgitation
Management: Preserve cardiac output, avoid hypotension

Question 9

Aortic Regurgitation

Answer 9

Decrescendo high-pitched diastolic murmur along the left sternal border of the right intercostal space
Management: Maintain HR of 80bpm

Question 10

Myocardial infarcation

Answer 10

Ischemia associated with the wall of the heart resulting in necrosis of cardiac muscle. Commonly known as a heart attack.

Question 11

HTN

Answer 11

A condition in which the force of the blood against arterial walls is too high.

Question 12

COPD

Answer 12

Chronic lung disease in which airflow is blocked, or obstructed, from entering the lungs. Chronic bronchitis is associated with long-term inflammation of the the bronchi. Emphysema is associated with damage to the lung parenchyma and alveoli. There is a decrease in elastin in the basement membrane of the alveoli associated with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.

Question 13

Asthma

Answer 13

Asthma is a reactive, reversible obstructive airway disease. It is usually a disease diagnosed in childhood.

Question 14

Diabetes mellitus

Answer 14

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disease denoted by insulin resistance. It has two main types. Diabetes I is an auto-immune disease. Diabetes II is usually an acquired disease.

Question 15

Pregnancy

Answer 15

Pregnancy is a condition in which a female is carrying a baby to term. It is usually 38-39 weeks long. It actually shares a good deal of pathophysiology with obesity. Decrease vital capacity with increase in minute ventilations. Insulin resistance. Increased coagulation.

Question 16

Down syndrome

Answer 16

Trisomy 21. Development disorder associated with growth delays, mild-moderate intellectual disability, and characteristic facial features. Large tongue, small mouth.

Question 17

Obesity

Answer 17

Obesity is defined as a BMI over 30. Clinically, patients with obesity have a diffuse, fluffy edema with characteristic fat. Striae, acanthosis nigracans, pendulous abdomen, fatty level disease.

Question 18

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 18

Neurodegenerative disease with amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles

Question 19

Parkinson’s disease

Answer 19

Neurodegenerative disease with decrease in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia negra in the basal ganglia. Hallmark is tremor, facial paucity / inexpression, postural instability, gait disturbance

Question 20

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 20

Neurodegenerative disease of the oligodendrocytes of the central nervous system. Progressive weakness. No known cause or cure. Rituximab, olecruzimab.