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BNKN602 COPY 2023 > Medications COPY > Flashcards

Medications COPY Flashcards

1
Q

OXYGEN (02): Indications for use

A

Treatment of hypoxaemia by increasing alveolar oxygen tension. The aim is to achieve a normal or near-normal oxygen saturation for an individual patient

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2
Q

OXYGEN (02): Monitoring Requirements

A

SpO2, RR, PaO2, Arterial Blood Gas, colour of patient

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3
Q

OXYGEN (02): Patient Education

A

Include correct administration and use of oxygen delivery devices

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4
Q

OXYGEN (02): Adverse Effects

A

Toxicity with prolonged exposure to high O2 concentrations; decreased affinity of Haemoglobin for CO2 in CO2 retainers (Haldane effect)

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5
Q

OXYGEN (02): Precautions

A

Oxygen therapy devices should not be used near an open flame due to its’ high combustibility

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6
Q

OXYGEN (02): Pharmacodynamics

A

Oxygen therapy improves effective cellular oxygenation. It acts to restore normal cellular activity at the mitochondrial level and reduce metabolic acidosis

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7
Q

OXYGEN (02): Pharmacokinetics

A

Oxygen is largely inhaled into the alveoli and diffuses into the capillary bed. Oxygen combines with haemoglobin, with a small amount being dissolved in the plasma. Oxygen is metabolised in the tissues almost entirely in the mitochondria, where oxidative enzymes reduce the oxygen in the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Excretion of oxygen metabolites (CO2 and H2) is via the lung and renal system

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8
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Indications for use

A

Bronchodilator - relief of symptoms during maintenance treatment of asthma and COPD; prevention or treatment of exercise/allergen induced bronchospasm

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9
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Monitoring requirements:

A

Peak flow measurements before and after administration can help determine effectiveness

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10
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Patient Education

A

Common side effects to expect, appropriate delivery of inhaler (including spacer, mouth care), Asthma and COPD action plans

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11
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Adverse Effects

A

Tachycardia, headache, nervous tension, fine hand tremor, hypotension, hyper/hypokalaemia (which may cause weakness, fatigue, tremors, muscle spasm)

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12
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Contra-indications

A

Caution with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension. The inhaler may contain lactose

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13
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Pharmacodynamics

A

Salbutamol is a B2-adrenergic agonist and stimulates B2-adrenergic receptors. Binding to these receptors in the lungs results in relaxation of bronchial smooth muscles

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14
Q

SALBUTAMOL Short-acting adrenergic agonist (SABA): Pharmacokinetics

A

Onset by inhalation is rapid (5-15 mins). Peak effect reached in 1-2 hours. Metabolised in the liver and excreted in kidneys

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15
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Indications for use

A

Chest Pain/Angina

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16
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Monitoring Requirements

A

BP and HR

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17
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Patient Education

A

Sit down, Stand up slowly

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18
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Side Effects

A

Flushing, Headache, Dizziness, Dry mouth (rare)

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19
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Contra-indications

A

VIAGRA, ETOH (ethanol), HR <50

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20
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Pharmacodynamics

A

Antagonises NO receptors = relaxes smooth muscle. Dilates veins and arteries. Reduces BP

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21
Q

GTN (Glyceryl Trinitrate Antianginal): Pharmacokinetics

A

Sublingual, dermal, rapidly metabolised short duration

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22
Q

Morphine Sulfate: ADDITIONAL NAMES INCLUDE:

A

Morphine Sulfate (IV), Oxynorm, Sevredol, MS Contin

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23
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Indications for use

A

Analgesia/sedation

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24
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Monitoring Requirements

A

RR, BP, HR

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25
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Patient education

A

Careful mobilising. Avoid ethanol and other opiates

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26
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Side Effects

A

Sedation, Dizziness, Nausea, constipation, hallucinations

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27
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Contra-Indications

A

Respiration rate, depression, severe asthma, acute abdomen pain, traumatic brain injury (TBI)

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28
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Pharmacodynamics

A

Opioid mu-receptor antagonist. Targets CNS opiate receptors. Depresses CNS, RR, GI. Vasodilation

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29
Q

MORPHINE SULFATE: Pharmacokinetics

A

Oral, IM, IV, Per rectum. Short half life

30
Q

Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Indications for use

A

Anti-Platelet

31
Q

Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Monitoring Requirements

A

Monitor for signs of increased bleeding, peptic ulcer disease

32
Q

Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Patient Education

A

Do not take if you have a history of peptic ulcer disease, Asthma or uncontrolled high blood pressure, take with food

33
Q

Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Common Adverse Effects

A

GI bleeding, Acute renal insufficiency

34
Q

Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Contra-indications

A

Asthma, GI bleeding, peptic ulcer

35
Q

Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Pharmacodynamics

A

Impedes clotting by blocking prostaglandin synthesis preventing formation of platelet-aggregating substance thromboxane A2 - works for lifespan of platelet

36
Q

Low Dose Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid) NSAID: Pharmacokinetics

A

Oral, IV, per rectum. Rapidly absorbed, peak serum levels 60 minutes

37
Q

Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Indications for use

A

Reduce the risk of heart attack and stroke by lowering total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

38
Q

Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Monitoring Requirements

A

Liver Function

39
Q

Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Patient Education

A

Avoid grapefruit juice, Minimal alcohol, Can be taken at any time of the day - with or without food

40
Q

Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Common Side Effects

A

Dyspepsia, nausea, flatulence, diarrhoea, muscle pain, tenderness or weakness

41
Q

Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Contra-Indications

A

Avoid in pregnancy, care in liver disease

42
Q

Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Pharmacodynamics

A

Lowers plasma cholesterol and lipoprotein levels, the liver is the primary site of action

43
Q

Atorvastatin / Lipitor HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors: Pharmacokinetics

A

Oral, Mean elimination half-life values range from 11 to 24 hours

44
Q

METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Indications for Use

A

Hypertension, angina, heart failure, arrhythmias, post-myocardial infarction, migraine prophylaxis

45
Q

METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Monitoring Requirements

A

BP and HR

46
Q

METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Patient Education

A

Do not stop abruptly, modified release tablets can be halved or swallowed whole with a glass of water. Do not crush or chew

47
Q

METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Side Effects

A

Dizziness, nausea, fatigue, bradycardia

48
Q

METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Contra-indications

A

Avoid in patients with a history of asthma - can precipitate bronchospasm. Do not confuse immediate release and modified release

49
Q

METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Pharmacodynamics

A

B1-selective B-blocker; reduces or inhibits the agonistic effect of catecholamines on the heart

50
Q

METOPROLOL (beta blocker): Pharmacokinetics

A

Oral, IV. The mean elimination half-life of metoprolol in plasma is 3.5 hours

51
Q

Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Indications for use

A

For treatment of fluid volume excess in heart failure and hypertension

52
Q

Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Monitoring Requirements

A

Maintain BP and HR, fluid balance and weight documentation and watch urine output

53
Q

Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Patient Education

A

May take some time to work. Have regular BP checks. Avoid alcohol. Will need blood checks

54
Q

Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Common side effects

A

Dehydration, hyperkalaemia, dry cough

55
Q

Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Contra-indications

A

Significant drug interactions, precautions kidney function, rash, liver impairment

56
Q

Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Pharmacodynamics

A

Prevents angiotensin I from converting to angiotensin II. Prevents constriction of blood vessels and prevents angiotensin I from secreting aldosterone. Promotes diuresis

57
Q

Cilazapril, Enalapril / ACE Inhibitors: Pharmacokinetics

A

Oral, IV. Binds to tissue and plasma protein. Often by glomerular filtration, absorbed and eliminated rapidly. BP decreases, heart rate decreases and urine output increases

58
Q

FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Indications for use

A

Treatment of oedema associated with heart failure, cirrhosis, renal impairment and nephrotic syndrome

59
Q

FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Monitoring Requirements

A

Weight, blood pressure, pulse, electrolytes, fluid balance

60
Q

FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Patient Education

A

Take with food. Possible potassium supplements, report ringing in ears, abdomen pain, muscle weakness and cramps

61
Q

FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Side Effects

A

Electrolyte disturbance, dizziness, postural hypotension, ototoxicity

62
Q

FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Contra-indications

A

Interacts with several drugs including Aminoglycoside antibiotics, anticonvulsants, anti diabetics (etc)

63
Q

FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Pharmacodynamics

A

Inhibits reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle

64
Q

FRUSEMIDE (Frusid, Lasix) Loop Diuretic: Pharmacokinetics

A

Oral, IV. Highly protein bound, oral half life 1-2hrs, peak effect 1 hr, IV peak effect 30 mins

65
Q

Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Monitoring Requirements

A

Monitor for signs of increased bleeding (coffee ground vomit/dark stool), peptic ulcer disease

66
Q

Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: patient education

A

do not take if you have a history of peptic ulcer disease, asthma or uncontrolled high blood pressure without consultation with a MO. Take with food.

67
Q

Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Common adverse effects

A

GI Bleeding, Acute renal insufficiency

68
Q

Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Significant drug interactions

A

some vaccines, ginkgo biloba, SSRIs

69
Q

Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Pharmacodynamics

A

Impedes clotting by blocking prostaglandin synthesis preventing formation of platelet-aggregating substance thromboxane A2- works for lifespan of platelet

70
Q

Low Dose Asprin (acetylsalicylic acid) ANTI-PLATELET: Pharmacokinetics

A

Rapidly absorbed from stomach (and more slowly small intestine), peak serum levels 20-40 minutes. Rapidly metabolised by tissue and converted to acetic acid and salicylate. Salicylate binds to plasma protein for distribution. Excreted via kidneys.

BNKN602 COPY 2023 (35 decks)

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