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Foundation 2 > Medically Important Parasites (3) > Flashcards

Medically Important Parasites (3) Flashcards

1
Q

Gastrointestinal nematode examples

A
  • Enterobius vermicularis (pin worm)
  • Ascaris lumbricoides
  • Trichuris trichiura
  • Necator amercanus (new world), Ancylostoma duodenale (old world) (hookworm)
  • Strongyloides stercoralis
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2
Q

Enterobius vermicularis characteristics

A
  • Pin worm

* Long pointed tail

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3
Q

Enterobius vermicularis ovum

A
  • Oval
  • Flattened on one side
  • Thick colourless shell
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4
Q

Enterobius vermicularis transmission

A
  • Faecal oral
  • Ingestion
  • Inhalation of ova
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5
Q

Enterobius vermicularis diagnosis

A

Scotch tape test

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6
Q

Enterobius vermicularis treatment

A

• Anti-helminthic drug (eg. Mebendazole, piperazine)

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7
Q

Enterobius vermicularis life cycle

A
  1. Eggs on perianal folds. Larvae inside eggs mature within 4-6h
  2. Embryonated eggs ingested by humans
  3. Larva hatch in small intestine
  4. Adults in lumen of caecum
  5. Gravid female migrate to perianal region at night to lay eggs
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8
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides size

A

• Largest intestinal nematode

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9
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides egg

A

• Broadly oval, thick, transparent shell, surrounded by yellow/brown bile-stained mammilated outer covering

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10
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides Pathogenesis

A
  • Inflammatory reaction due to migrating larvae: Loffler’s Syndrome
  • Blockage of intestine by adult worms
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11
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides diagnosis

A

• Fertilised/unfertilised eggs

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12
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides treatment

A

Any antiparasitic agent (mebendazole, piperazine)

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13
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides life cycle

A

L2 hatch in small intestine -> penetrate wall -> migrate via hepatic portal circulation -> alveoli of lungs -> trachea -> pharynx -> swallowed -> develop into adult worms in small intestine -> mate -> 2 months egg production

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14
Q

Trichuris trichiuria characteristics

A
  • Whipworm

* slender thread-like anterior, thicker posterior

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15
Q

Trichuris trichiuria egg

A
  • Bile stained
  • Oval, thick, smooth shell, clear
  • Prominent polar plug at each end
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16
Q

Trichuris trichiuria pathogenesis

A
  • Nausea
  • Diarrhoea
  • Blood loss
  • Rectal prolapse
17
Q

Trichuris trichiuria laboratory diagnosis

A
  • Stool examination for eggs

* Concentration techniques

18
Q

Trichuris trichiuria treatment

A
  • Mebendazole

* Good hygiene

19
Q

Trichuris trichiuria life cycle

A
  1. Eggs escaping in faeces
  2. Development of egg in soil
  3. Ingesting embryonated eggs
  4. Larva liberated from eggs in small intestine
  5. Larva develops into adult worms in caecum
20
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale characteristics

A
  • Hookworm

* Hook-like anterior end

21
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale buccal capsules

A

Necator amercanus: cutting plates

Ancylostoma duodenale: teeth

22
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale ova

A
  • Slight difference in size
  • Thin, clear, smooth colourless shell
  • Clear space between developing embryo and eggshell
23
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale pathogenesis

A
  • Penetrate skin: hands or feet

* nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, anemia

24
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale diagnosis

A

Stool examination of eggs

25
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale treatment

A
  • Mebendazole
  • Piperazine
  • Iron replacement
26
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale rhabditiform larva

A
  • Non-infective free living form

* Prominent buccal cavity

27
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale filariform larva

A
  • Not independent
  • Must find final host
  • Short oesophagus
  • Long pointed tail
28
Q

Necator amercanus/Ancylostoma duodenale life cycle

A
  1. Eggs in feces
  2. Rhabditiform larva hatches
  3. Filariform larva penetrates skin
29
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis eggs

A
  • Thin shelled eggs

* Release non infective rhabditiform larva in intestine

30
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis Pathogenesis

A
  • Itch
  • Allergy
  • Diarrhoea
  • Abdominal pain
  • Vomiting
  • Weight loss
  • Cough
  • Shortness of breath

Occurs in immunocompromised
Larva found in lungs, liver, heart

31
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis lab diagnosis

A

• Rhabditiform larva in faeces

32
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis treatment

A

• Thiabendazole

Foundation 2 (11 decks)

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