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Foundation 2 > Medically Important Parasites (2) > Flashcards

Medically Important Parasites (2) Flashcards

1
Q

3 forms of leishmaniasis

A
  • Cutaneous leishmaniasis
  • Kala Azar (Dum dum fever)
  • Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis
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2
Q

Cutaneous leishmaniasis species

A
  • Leishmania tropica
  • Leishmania aethiopica
  • Leishmania major
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3
Q

Cutaneous leishmaniasis vector

A

Sandfly (Phlebotomus spp.)

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4
Q

Cutaneous leishmaniasis disease characteristics

A

Dry, raised, ulcerated lesions at bite sites

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5
Q

Kala Azar species

A
  • Leishmania donovani
  • Leishmania infantum
  • Leishmania chagasi
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6
Q

Kala Azar disease progression

A
  • L. donovani parasitise reticuloendothelial cells

* Infected macrophages disseminate throughout the body - to lymphoid tissue (spleen, liver, bone marrow)

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7
Q

Kala Azar vector

A

Sandfly (Phlebotomus spp.)

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8
Q

Kala Azar reservoir host

A
  • Dogs
  • Rodents
  • Porcupines
  • Cats
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9
Q

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis species

A
  • Leishmania braziliensis
  • Leishmania panemensis
  • Leishmania peruviana
  • Leishmania guyanensis
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10
Q

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis reservoir host

A

Rainforest rodents

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11
Q

Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis disease characteristics

A

Development of ulcer on or about oral and nasal mucosa

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12
Q

Leishmania donovani life cycle

A
  1. Sandfly takes a blood meal (injects prom astigmatism stage into skin)
  2. Promastigotes are phagocytised by macrophages
  3. Promastigotes transform into amastigoted inside macrophages
  4. Amastigotes multiply inside cells of various tissues
  5. Sandfly takes a blood meal (ingests macrophages infected with Amastigotes)
  6. Amastigotes transform into promastigote stage in midgut
  7. Divide in midgut and migrate to proboscis
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13
Q

Blood protozoa

A

Trypanosoma brucei, gambiense, rhodesiense

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14
Q

Trypanosoma vector

A

Tsetse fly

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15
Q

Trypanosoma reservoir host

A

Ungulates (wild animals such as deers)

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16
Q

Trypanosoma pathology

A

• Infection has chronic cause, end with CNS involvement and death

17
Q

Trypanosoma disease

A

Cause sleeping sickness

18
Q

Trypanosoma gambiense/rhodesiense life cycle

A
  1. Tsetse fly takes a blood meal (injects metacyclic trypomastigotes)
  2. Injected metacyclic trypomastigotes transform into bloodstream trypomastigotes, which are carried to other sites
  3. Trypomastigotes multiply by binary fission in various body fluids eg. Blood, lymph, spinal fluid
  4. Trypomastigotes in blood
  5. Tsetse fly takes a blood meal (bloodstream trypomastigotes are ingested)
  6. Bloodstream trypomastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in tsetse fly midgut. Procyclic trypomastigotes multiply by binary fission
  7. Procyclic trypomastigotes leave midgut and transform into epimastigotes
  8. Epimastigotes multiply in salivary gland. They transform into metacyclic trypomastigotes
19
Q

Tissue protozoa

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

20
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi vector

A

Reduvid bug, kissing bug, triatomid bug (2 species: triatoma, Rhodnius or Parastrongylus)

21
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi transmission

A
  • kissing bug
  • blood transfusion
  • Organ transplantation
  • Transplacentally
  • Lab accidents
22
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi clinical symptoms

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Malaise
  • Myalgia
  • Fatigue
  • Myocarditis
  • Damage to CNS -> death
23
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi zoonosis

A
  • Dogs
  • Rats
  • Opossums
24
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle

A
  1. Triatomine bug takes blood meal (passes metacyclic trypomastigotes in feces, trypomastigotes enter bite wound or mucous membranes)
  2. Metacyclic trypomastigotes penetrate various cells at wound site, transform into amastigotes
  3. Amastigotes multiply by binary fission in cells of infected tissues
  4. Intracellular amastigotes transform into trypomastigotes, the burst out of cell and enter bloodstream
  5. Triatomine bug takes a blood meal (trypomastigotes ingested)
  6. Epimastigotes in midgut
  7. Multiply in midgut
  8. Metacyclic trypomastigotes in hindgut
25
Q

Malaria 5 species

A
  • Plasmodium vivax
  • Plasmodium malariae
  • P. ovale
  • P. falciparum
  • P. knowlesi
26
Q

Malaria vector

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

27
Q

Malaria asexual and sexual development

A
  • Schizogony (human host)

* Sporogony (mosquito)

28
Q

Malaria exoerythrocytic cycle

A

Within liver cells (5 to 16 days)

29
Q

Malaria erythrocytic cycle

A

Thousands of merozoites rupture and invade RBCs

30
Q

Malaria schizogony (humans)

A

Trophozoite -> continues to enlarge until nucleus divides -> schizont -> forms multiple merozoites -> RBC ruptures -> release merozoites and waste products -> reinfection of new RBC

31
Q

Malaria gametogony (humans)

A

Merozoites -> gametocytogenesis-> microgametes (male), macrogametes (female)

32
Q

Malaria sporogony (mosquito)

A

Gametocytes -> zygote -> ookinete -> gut wall -> oocyst -> sporocyst -> sporozoites

33
Q

Toxoplasma gondii main reservoir

A

Cats

34
Q

Toxoplasma gondii intermediate host

A

Cattle, sheep, pig, rodents

35
Q

Toxoplasma gondii characteristics

A
  • Tissue protozoa
  • Oocyst containing 2 sporocysts (4 sporozoites) passed in faeces
  • Human infection accidental
36
Q

Toxoplasma gondii life cycle

A
  1. Oocysts shed in cat feces
  2. Oocysts transform into tachyzoites shortly after ingestion by rodents
  3. Tachyzoites localise in neural and muscle tissue and develop into tissue cyst bradyzoites.
  4. Cats become infected after consuming intermediate hosts
37
Q

Toxoplasma gondii human infection

A
  • Eating undercooked meat of animals harbouring tissue cysts

* Transplacentally from Mother to foetus

38
Q

Toxoplasma gondii diagnosis

A
  • Serology
  • Observing tissue cysts in stained biopsy specimens
  • Congenital infections: detecting T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluid using PCR

Foundation 2 (11 decks)

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