Medical, OB, GYN (Adult and Peds) Flashcards
1
Q
Normal Vital Signs for Adult
A
BP - 120/80
Pulse - 60-100
Respirations - 12-20
2
Q
Normal vital signs for a child
A
BP - systolic = 70+(2 x age in years)
Pulse - 2-10yrs 60-140 bpm
10 yrs+ 60-105 bpm
Respirations - 15-30
3
Q
Vital signs for an infant
A
BP - systolic is 70 + (2 x age in years)
Pulse - 80-140
(Newborn - 120-160)
Respirations - 25-50
4
Q
Signs and Symptoms of Emphysema
A
Shortness of breath
Coughing with excess mucus production
Wheezing
Chest tightness
5
Q
Signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis
A
Shortness of breath Restlessness Increased Pulse Rate Increased or decreased breathing rate Shallow or slow breathing Irregular breathing Abdominal breathing Noisy breathing with wheezing, strider or crowing, gurgling, snoring, inability to speak Pale or cyanotic skin Cough Tripod position
6
Q
Signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction caused by insect sting
A
Symptoms -
Anxiety, itching, sneezing, coughing, wheezing, runny nose, hoarseness, loss of voice, fainting, sense of impending doom, tightness in throat, tingling feeling, itchy/watery eyes
Signs -
Hives, hypotension, tachycardia , difficulty breathing, wheezing, facial, pharyngeal, and laryngeal edema, strider and noisy breathing, cardiac or respiratory arrest, flushing of skin, swelling of face/neck/hands/feet/tongue, rapid labored breathing, decreased mental status, abdominal pain, cramping, vomiting, diarrhea
7
Q
List descending order of the divisions of the spine
A
Cervical - 7 Thoracic - 12 Lumbar - 5 Sacral - 5 Coccygeal - 4
8
Q
List causes of an allergic reaction
A
- Drugs
- Foods
- Insect Bites
- Latex
- Environmental
9
Q
Treatment for severe asthma attack
A
Oxygen, Assistance with MDI, SVN treatments of albuterol and iprotroprium bhromide
10
Q
Ways an allergen can enter the body
A
Absorption,
inhalation
Ingestion
Injection
11
Q
Aspirin - Class, mechanism of action, initial dose of
A
Platelet aggregate inhibitor and NSAID
Prevents platelets from clumping and clots from forming
Adult Dose - 162-324mg
Peds - None
12
Q
Oral Glucose - Classification, mechanism of action, initial dose of
A
Carbohydrate and Hyperglycemic
Increases glucose levels in the blood
Adult Dose - 15-50Gm may repeat
Peds Dose - 5-50Gm may repeat
13
Q
Activated charcoal - Classification, mechanism of action, initial dose of
A
Adsorbent
Absorbs or binds with and deactivate toxic substances in the G.I. tract
Adult - 30-60Gm (1-2g/kg)
Peds - .5-1g/kg
14
Q
Nitroglycerin - Classification, mechanism of action, initial dose of
A
Vasodilator and anti-anginal
Relaxes vascular smooth muscle, Dilates coronary arteries resulting in increased myocardial perfusion, Decreases workload on the heart, Decreases Myocardial oxygen demand
Adult Dose - Tablet .4mg/sublingual spray .4 mg May repeat dose 3 to 5 minutes
Max of 3 doses
15
Q
Epinephrine - Classification, mechanism of action, initial dose of
A
Bronchodilator and sympathomimetic
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle resulting in broncodilation
Adult Dose - .30mg
Peds Dose - .15mg
16
Q
Albuterol - Classification, mechanism of action, initial dose of
A
Bronchodilator
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle resulting in bronco dilation
Adult Dose - 2.5mg MDI can assist pt
Peds Dose - child 2-12 is .63-1.25mg
17
Q
List the parts of the skull
A
- Frontal bone
- Parietal bone
- temporal bone
- Occipital bone
- orbital bones
- nasal bones
- zygomatic bones
- maxilla
- mandible
- mental foramen
- Mastoid process

18
Q
List the parts of the pelvis
A
ANTERIOR VIEW
- iliac crest
- Anterior superior iliac spine
- Anterior inferior iliac spine
- Iliosacral articulation
- Acetabulum
- Obturator foramen
- Pubic symphysis
- Iliopectineal (arcuate) line
- Pubic arch
- Pubic rami
POSTERIOR VIEW - Ileum - posterior superior iliac spine - Anterior superior iliac spine - auricular surface - greater sciatic notch - Acetabulum - Ischial spine - pubis - lesser sciatic notch - ischial tuberosity - ischium 
19
Q
What’s the treatment for a seizure
A
ACTIVE SEIZURE
- Protect pt from harm or hazards and avoid unnecessary restraint
- ensure airway is open. No forcing if oral airway. Use nasal if needed.
- suction as needed
- give O2 and BVM if needed
- Transport while keeping pt warm
POST SEIZURE
- Ensure airway is open and breathing/circulation are adequate
- suction if needed
- give 02
- treat any injuries sustained
- be prepared for additional seizures
- Transport while keeping warm
20
Q
Describe a TIA
A
A reversible episode of focal neurologic dysfunction lasting a few minutes to a few hours. Symptoms may mimic a stroke. Classified as a TIA if fully resolve within 24 hours.
21
Q
List conditions likely found on a medical alert bracelet.
A
Allergies - food or drug Diabetes Epilepsy Dementia Asthma Cardiac  autism, ADD, ADHD
22
Q
Stages of death and dying
A
Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
23
Q
Common medical disorders/Conditions found in children and the elderly
A
Kids - respiratory issues, flu, Bronchitis, Asthma, RSV, epiglottis,
Febrile seizures,
geriatric -
Same respiratory issues, dementia, osteoporosis, cancer, brain shrinkage making more prone to head bleeds from falls, less pain sensation, loss of feeling for wounds,
24
Q
function of the gallbladder
A
The sac on the underside of the liver that stores bile produced by the liver
25
Function of platelets and white blood cells
Platelets -
Membrane enclosed fragments of specialized cells which when activated release chemical clotting factors needed to form blood clots
White blood cells - 
Involved in destroying micro organisms and producing antibodies which helped the body resist infection
26
Describe management for suspected child abuse
Report suspicions to hospital, provider, police, your superior, and child abuse hotline.
27
Define SIDS
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
28
List the modes of transmission associated with aids
Blood, IV drug use, blood transfusions, unprotected sex,
29
Define advance directive
A DNR order; instructions written in advance of an event that can also include desired Resuscitation efforts as well as a living will which describes pts wishes regarding artificial feeding antibiotics or other sustaining life Support measures
30
Treatment for a complete airway obstruction in an adult, child, infant
ADULT
Abdominal Thrusts (sitting or standing patient) OR
Chest thrusts (pregnancy patients)
Lay supine and begin CPR (unconscious)
CHILD
Abdominal thrusts (sitting or standing patient)
Lay supine and begin CPR (unconscious) 
If patient becomes unconscious send someone else to activate the EMS system. If no one else available wait until obstruction relieved or you have attempted airway obstruction sequence for two minutes)
INFANT
Five back blows and five chest compressions alternating back blows and chest compressions until obstruction is relieved.
 if infant is unresponsive after 30 chest compressions or if backflows and chest compressions have not cleared the obstruction open airway and look for foreign body. Use finger sweep to remove if seen. Attempt to remove and continue alternating compressions and ventilations until obstruction is relieved. rapid transport
31
Define medical Director
A physician who assumes ultimate responsibility for the patient care aspects of the EMS system
32
Define diastolic blood pressure
Pressure remaining in the arteries from the left ventricle of the heart is relaxed and refilling
33
Describe the difficulty in using a BVM
Obtaining an adequate mask seal.
| Also patient positioning or possible airway obstructions
34
Define triage
Process of quickly assessing patients in a multi casualty incident and assigning a priority for receiving treatment
Is from a French word meaning to sort
35
List the causes of hypoxia
Stroke, shock, difficulty breathing, cardiac, trauma, anaphylaxis, drowning, overdose, respiratory illness or infections, smoke inhalation, asthma, pulmonary embolism, head injury,
36
Components of primary assessment aka primary survey or initial assessment
1. General impression
2. Assessing the patients mental status (and manually stabilizing the patient’s head and neck when appropriate)
3. Chief complain or life threat
4. Assessing the patient’s airway
5. Assessing the patient’s breathing
6. Assessing the patient’s circulation
7. Determining the patient’s priority
37
Identify the components of the secondary assessment a.k.a. secondary survey
Physical examination
1. Vitals
2. Patient history (including SAMPLE and OPQRST)
3. Assess body part affected/all body systems (MEDICAL - cardio, Neuro, skin, pulmonary, musculoskeletal, G.I., reproductive, psych. TRAUMA -Head, neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis, lower extremities, upper extremities, posterior thorax, lumbar, buttocks)
4. Vital signs (to include blood pressure, pulse, respirations, pulse oximetry, glucose, skin, and pupils)
5. Diagnostics confirmed with application of Monitor and ECG for dyspnea and chest pain
6. Determine field impression
7. Develop treatment plan based on findings
8. Re-evaluate transport priority
38
Identify components of the reassessment
Repeat primary assessment
Repeat vitals
Evaluate response to treatments
Repeat secondary assessment
39
List causes of JVD
```
Tension pneumothorax
Cardiac tamponade
 pulmonary hypertension
Right sided heart failure
Tri cuspid valve stenosis
Superior vena cava obstruction
Constrictive pericarditis
```
40
Describe how to perform encircling chest compressions
Encircle the chest with fingers and overlap thumbs or place thumbs side by side on the sturnam just below the nipped line.
41
Describe the function of the epiglottis
The epiglottis closes over the glottis to prevent food and foreign objects from entering the trachea while swallowing
42
Common causes of hypovolemic shock in an adult and child
 bleeding either internal or X ternal or both. Can be related to trauma, burns, crush injuries, severe dehydration
43
What does APGAR stand for
```
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiratory effort
```
44
List the causes of hypoglycemia
Diabetes (examples of)
Takes too much insulin
Reduces sugar intake by not eating
Over exercises or over exerts themselves using sugar faster than normal
Vomits a meal 
Increases metabolic rate in condition such as fever or shivering
```
Medications
Excessive alcohol intake
Long-term starvation
Critical illness
Insulin over production
Hormone Deficiencies
```
45
Define trimester
Three 3 month periods equaling nine months of pregnancy
46
Identify each letter in AVPU
Alert
Verbal – patient alert to verbal stimuli
Painful – patient alert to painful stimuli
Unconscious
47
List treatment for a limb presentation during delivery
1. If there’s a prolapse cord follow the same procedure as any delivery. Push up and keep baby off the cord until relieve by physician.
2 rapid transport
3. Place mother in head down position with pelvis elevated
4. Administer high flow O2 via NRB
48
List indication for an occlusive dressing
When needing an airtight seal. For example open wounds to the abdomen, external bleeding from large neck veins, and open wounds to the chest.
49
Define good Samaritan laws
A series of laws varying in each state designed to provide limited legal protection for citizens and some healthcare personnel when administering emergency care
50
Define spontaneous abortion
A miscarriage or spontaneous delivery of fetus and placenta before the baby can live on its own
51
Describe the function of the national Registry of EMTs
Was founded in 1970 to establish professional standards. Provides registration to EMRs, EMTs, a EMTs, and paramedics.
52
Identify what each letter in SLUDGEM memory aid represents
```
Salivation
Lacrimation (tearing of eyes)
Urination
Defecation
Gastrointestinal upset
Emesis (vomiting)
Muscle twitching/miosis (pupillary constriction)
```
53
List the signs and symptoms of abdominal pain in a child
Gas, rubbing around the belly button, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, groin pain, urinary problems, rash
May cry or draw up knees
54
The treatment for bleeding into the airway
Suction. No more than 10 seconds
55
Describe how radiation affects loss of body heat
Similar to heat leaving a woodstove. Sending out energy such as heat from molecules and atoms as they move and changeinto space. Most heat lost from a person‘s head and neck and wrists. 
56
Describe how to administer aspirin
Dose - 162 to 324 (2-4 tablets chewable baby aspirin)
Gather history and perform physical exam for cardiac patient
Contact medical direction if no standing orders
Ensure the 5 rights and check expiration date
Ensure the patient is alert
Ask the patient to chew and swallow tablets
Record the administration route and time
Perform reassessment

57
How to administer Nitroglycerin
Dose - one tablet or sublingual spray under tongue
Perform focused assessment for cardiac patient
Take patient’s blood pressure systolic must be above 90 to 100
Ensure no ED drugs in past 48-72 hours
Contact medical direction if no standing orders
Ensure five rights and check expiration date
Ensure patient is alert
Ask patient for last dose taken and effects, ensure understanding of route
Ask patient to lift their tongue and place tablet or spray dose under
Have patient keep mouth closed without swallowing until dissolved and absorbed
Recheck patient’s blood pressure within two minutes
Record administration, route, and time
Reassess patient
58
Describe how to administer glucose
Dose - 25 g orally (May repeat dose after10 minutes)
Ensure signs and symptoms of being altered with known history of diabetes
Ensure patient is conscious and able to swallow
Apply between the cheek and gum or under tongue (or have patient apply)
Perform reassessment
59
How to administer activated charcoal
Dose - 1g /kg (Usual adult dose 25 to 50 g. Usual pediatric dose 12.5 to 25 g)
Consult medical direction
Shake container thoroughly
If patient refuses cover bottle and shake or restir after sitting
Record the name dose route and time of administration
Reassess
If patient vomits repeat dose 1X
60
How to administer epinephrine
Dose - Adult equals one auto injector .30mg
infant/child equals one infant/child auto injector .15mg
Obtain patients auto injector and ensure prescription is for that patient, the medication is not discolored, and the medication is not expired
Obtain medical direction either online or off-line
Remove the safety cap
Grasp the center of the auto injector
Place the tip of the auto injector against the patients anterior lateral portion of the thigh
Push the injector firmly against the thigh until injector activates
Hold injector in place at least 10 seconds for EpiPen and five seconds for Auvi-Q
Record administration and time
Reassess the patient
Dispose of injector in proper container
61
How to administer albuterol
Exam indicating indication for use of an inhaler
Obtain an order for medical direction either online or off-line
Ensure the five rights and patient alert enough to use
Check expiration date
Check if patient has already taken doses
Ensure inhaler at room temp or warmer
Shake several times
Have patient exhale deeply
Have patient put lips around opening
Have patient depressed as they begin to inhale
Instruct patient to hold breath for as long as comfortably possible
Place O2 back on patient
Allow patient to breathe a few times and repeat second dose if ordered by medical direction
Use spacer if available
62
Define jaundice
Yellowing of patient’s eyes and skin Related to lack of proper liver function
63
List signs and symptoms for hypoglycemia
Altered mental status, Pale sweaty skin, tachycardia, rapid breathing, seizures
64
List the treatment for hypoglycemia
```
Determine if patient is alert enough to swallow
Take vital signs
 Administer oral glucose
Document dose, route, time
Reassess
```
65
Define implied consent
Consent it is presumed a patient or patients parent or guardian would give if they could. Such as for an unconscious patient, or a parent who cannot be contacted when care is needed
66
Describe airway support for an adult with suspected spinal injury
Apply SMR including cervical collar with head block and longboard splinting
Use jaw thrust method to open airway
Suction and insert airway adjunct as needed
Ventilate via BVM
67
Define strider
High-pitched sound or whistling indicative of a partially obstructed upper airway
68
List signs and symptoms of narcotic used
Altered mental status, Constricted or pinpoint pupils, bradycardia, hypotension, Respiratory or cardiac arrest, Low temp, Hallucinations, arrhythmias
69
Describe the use of an NPA
An NPA can be utilized when teeth are clenched or if there are oral injuries for a Reduced level of consciousness patient who still has an intact gag reflex.
Contraindicated with head trauma
Measure from corner of ear to corner of nose
Apply lubricant and insert.
ventilate pt
70
Describe the use of an OPA
And OPA can be inserted in a unconscious patient with no gag reflex to assist with keeping the patient’s tongue from falling back into the pharynx. Helps to keep the airway open while ventilating
Measure from the ear lobe to the corner of the mouth.
Inserts with tip pointing to roof of mouth and rotate 180°
71
Signs and symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy
```
Acute abdominal pain often beginning on one side or the other which can also refer to the shoulder
Vaginal bleeding
Rapid weak pulse
Low blood pressure
Absent menstrual period
```
72
Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia
Altered mental status, swollen hands, feet, and or face, and high blood pressure, seizures, 
73
Most common cause of seizures in infants and children
Fever
74
Identify what each letter in the OPQRST memory aid represents
Onset (what were you doing When it began)
Provocation (does anything make it better or worse)
Quality (describe it for me)
Region, Relief (Radiation) (where is it and does it seem to go anywhere)
Severity (on scale of 0 to 10)
Time (when did it begin) 
75
List oxygen concentration percentage delivered by nonrebreather at 15 L per minute
80-90%
76
Define avulsion
The tearing away or tearing off of a piece or flap of skin or other soft tissue. This term may also be used for an eye pulled from its socket or a tooth dislodged from its socket
77
Describe the function of the autonomic nervous system
Controls involuntary motor functions and affects things such as digestion and heart rate. Can be further broken down into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Sympathetic is fight or flight parasympathetic is feed or breed or rest and digest.
78
Identify what each letter in the SAMPLE memory aid stands for
```
Signs and symptoms
Allergies
Medications
Past pertinent medical history
Last oral intake
Events leading up to
```
79
Define perfusion
The supply of oxygen to and removal of waste from cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries
80
Identify the location of the femoral artery
Located bilaterally in crease between the leg and the groin
81
 List the side effects of Epinephrine
Tachycardia, pallor, dizziness, chest pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, excitability, anxiety
82
List the side effects of albuterol
Tachycardia, tremors, nervousness
83
List the side effects of nitroglycerin
 Hypotension, headache, pulse rate changes
84
Describe the rationale for restraining and immobilizing an adult with threatening behavior
If the patient’s behavior interferes with or prevents treatment that is needed. Restraint typically needs to be ordered and performed by or with assistance of the police or at a physicians direction. In certain situations also helps to protect the patient and responders
85
Identify the device’s used by special needs children and infants
Wheelchairs, walkers, crutches, visual aids, hearing aids, Central lines, feeding tubes, LVAD, ostomy bag, stoma, tracheostomy, urinary catheter, ventilator, pacemaker, dialysis (peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis), 
86
List the types of muscles found in the human body
Cardiac or myocardial
Involuntary or smooth (found in walls of organs and digestive structures)
Voluntary or skeletal include all muscles (connected to bones as well as muscles in the tongue, pharynx, and upper esophagus)
87
Describe the potential risks of performing rescue breathing
Transmission of disease between responder or patient
Air forced into the stomach reduces lung volume by forcing diaphragm upward and risk of regurgitation or vomiting could lead to additional airway obstruction or aspiration into the patient’s lungs
88
Describe the second stage of labor
Stage from time when the baby enters the birth canal until it’s born
89
List the most common device used to suction an Infant
Bulb syringe
90
List the complications of delivery
Lim presentation, breach presentation, prolapsed umbilical cord
91
Identify the most important assessment finding in a hypothermic patient
Decreased mental status and decreased motor function
| ?
92
Describe management of an unconscious adult with snoring respirations
Utilize either head tilt chin lift or jaw thrust, insertion oven OPA or NPA and suction
93
Describe how to care for a newborn
Assess the baby and assign an Apgar score
Suction mouth then nose with bulb syringe
Dry and Keep the baby warm utilizing blankets and increased heat in ambo

Cut the umbilical cord after applying one clamp approximately 10 inches from the baby, then place a second clamp approximately 7 inches from the baby or the width of approximately four fingers from the distal clamp. Cut between And watch for signs of continued bleeding, which if found, apply a second clamp as close as possible to the first.
If baby is still attached to the placenta when it’s delivered, wrap placenta in a towel and transport infant and placenta as a unit. placenta should be placed at same level as baby or slightly higher
Place baby on mothers abdomen and allow mother to begin breast-feeding

94
Common medical disorders associated with geriatric patients
Alzheimer’s dementia, COPD, emphysema, cardiac disease including hypertension and hypotension, dysrhythmias, cancer, stroke, cataracts, glaucoma, depression 
95
Describe treatment for a patient in a postictal state
Monitor airway using suction if necessary
 Monitor  and assist with oxygen perfusion or ventilation‘s
Treat any injuries sustained during seizure
Transport
