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Micro Lecture Exam 3 > Medical Microbiology And Epidemiology > Flashcards

Medical Microbiology And Epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define Pathology

A
  • study of disease

- refers to the disease “process” of a particular pathogen

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2
Q

Define Etiology

A
  • studies of the causes of disease

- refers to a specific cause

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3
Q

Define Pathogenesis

A
  • development of disease

- refers to all the processes of damage that a microbe does when it establishes an infection

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4
Q

Define case

A
  • a person with a specific infection
    • can be obvious (Frank Case)
    • not obvious: carrier
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5
Q

Define carrier

A
  • a person who doesn’t know they have an infection
    • asymptomatic
    • subclinical
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6
Q

Define reservoir

A
  • where you expect to find a particular microbes (source)
    • Specialists (people)
    • zooonotic (animals)
    • environment (soil)
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7
Q

What are portals of entry? Examples?

A
  • ways a pathogen can enter a body
    • Respiratory tract (inhalation)
    • gastrointestinal tract (ingestion, sexual)
    • urinary tract (urethra)
    • reproductive system (sexual)
    • skin (wounds, bites)
    • direct contact with mucosa or compromised skin
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8
Q

What are portals of exit? Examples?

A
  • How a pathogen gets out of the body
    • respiratory secretions
    • gi tract (fecal matter)
    • blood transfusions
    • urogenital tract
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9
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A
  • infectious diseases where person to person transmission is possible
    • some are easy to transmits (in casual contact)
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10
Q

What does contagious mean in terms of transmission

A

-easy to transmit from person to person

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11
Q

What are non communicable diseases

A

-come fro microflora (displaced microbes) or from environmental reservoir or from zoonotic pathogens

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12
Q

What some examples of vehicles? (3)

A
  • water
  • food
  • air
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13
Q

What are fomites?

A
  • inanimate objects that can carry a pathogen

- Examples-latches in a bathroom, stehscopes

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14
Q

Types of direct transmittion

A
  • contact: kissing, sex
  • droplets: colds, chickenpox
  • vertical: HIV syphillis
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15
Q

Types of indirect transmission (3)

A
  • formites
  • food, water, biological products
  • air
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16
Q

What are vectors?

A
  • invertebrates animals that can carry pathogens from one host to another
    • tick bite
17
Q

What is an infectious dose (ID)?

A
  • # of microbes to establish an infection

- ID 50: dose the infects 50% of lab animals

18
Q

Describe how high/low IDs effect how infectious it is

A
  • Lower ID: more infectious/virulent

- higher ID: less infectious

19
Q

What is the most infectious virus?

A

Measles: takes 1 virion to be infectious

20
Q

What is the chain of infection?

A

Organism > Reservoir > transmission > susceptible host

21
Q

What is morbidity?

A

-disease/ illness

22
Q

What does incidence refer to?

A
  • new cases

- time/100000

23
Q

Define prevalence

A

-# of existing cases

24
Q

What are the measures of morbidity?

A

-incidence > prevalence

25
Q

Define remission

A
  • disease is “on hold”
    • patient has recovered, but pathogen is still present and can cause future relapse
    -common in viral infections that go latent in the body, then reactivate when host undergoes changes in the body (weak immune system, stress etc)
26
Q

What is seroprevalence?

A
  • rate of positive antibody test in a population vs a pathogen
  • detects active cases + recovered cases (latent too)
27
Q

Endemic

A

-Where you expect to find the pathogen/disease

28
Q

Define Sporadic (occurrence)

A
  • diseases that pop up randomly

- timing is inconsistent

29
Q

What is an outbreak?

A
  • sharp increase in cases

- limited to one geographic area

30
Q

What is an epidemic?

A

-more cases that is not limited to one geographic location

31
Q

Define Pandemic

A
  • when an epidemic crosses one continent to another

- rapid increase in cases in multiple continents

32
Q

Define Latency

A

-when a person seems to have recovered, but the pathogen is still in the body

33
Q

What is a chronic carrier?

A

-a person who is either recovered or has mild symptoms but continue to transmit the pathogen

34
Q

Define sequelae

A

-long term consequences that persist after recovery because of the damage done during the infection

35
Q

What are nosocomial infections?

A
  • aka healthcare associated infections

- infections that people get after they have been admitted in a healthcare facility

36
Q

What are the most common types of nosocomial infections? (3)

A
  • urinary tract (40%): Ecoli, P. Aeruginosa
  • lower respiratory tracts (18%): S. Aureus, P. Aeruginosa
  • surgical wounds (17%): Ecoli, P. Aeruginosa
37
Q

What are the causes of Nosocomial infections (healthcare associated infections)? (3)

A
  • microorganisms in healthcare associated environment
  • chain of transmission (healthcare workers, fomites)
  • compromised host

Micro Lecture Exam 3 (5 decks)

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