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Micro Lecture Exam 3 > Cardiovascular And Nervous System Infections > Flashcards

Cardiovascular And Nervous System Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  • formed elements
    • RBC
    • WBC
    • Platelets
  • plasma
    • H20
    • solutes (sugas, a.a, ions, proteins)
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2
Q

Where does gas exchange happen?

A

-Capillaries (02 is being supplied to the cells of the body and where CO2 is entering the blood to be carried back to the lungs

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3
Q

Where are the functions of the capillaries?

A
  • gas exchange

- nutrients/waste exchange

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4
Q

Where are the cells that makes up the walls of capillaries?

A

-endothelial cells

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5
Q

What is lymph?

A
  • excess liquid that stays outside the capillary bed

- baths most cells in the body

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6
Q

Capillary bed phases

A

Early: high hydrostatic (blood) pressure pushes H2O, ions, sugars, a.a, very small proteins out = Capillary filtration > creates lymph

Late: low hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure pulls some lymph into blood capillaries

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7
Q

What does capillary filtration create?

A

Lymph

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8
Q

Where is do excess lymph go?

A
  • enters lymphatic capillaries (1 way valves) which converge into lymphatic ducts into lymph nodes
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9
Q

What are the two forces involved in capillary filtration?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure
    • affected by dilation of artierioles

-osmotic pressure

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10
Q

What are the “filters” in capillary filtration

A
  • gaps between endothelial cells

- larger gaps= more lymph, large proteins and WBC escape capillaries

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11
Q

What determines how big the arteriole is?

A

-smooth muscle cells that surround the arteriole - more dilated= higher pressure of blood, more lymph

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12
Q

What are the functions of a lymph node?

A
  • immune system surveillance

- looks for signs of infection in lymph

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13
Q

Which WBCs are in the lymph node?

A
  • B+T lymphocytes
    • B Cells: B activation; they reproduce and become plasma cells which secrete antibodies
    • T cells: kill human cells with intracellular pathogens (CD8) or regulate the immune system (CD4)
  • Macrophages
  • Dendritic cells cells
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14
Q

What is the disease called when you have inflammation in a lymphatic capillary or vesicle ?

A

-lymphangitis

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15
Q

What is the disease called when there is swelling of a lymph node?

A

-lymphadenopathy

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16
Q

What are 2 examples of non blanching rashes?

A
  • Petechia (smaller)
  • Purpura (larger)
  • pathogen is attacking a capillary or the immune system is triggered to attack the capillaries.
    • Endothelial cells are being damaged=blood gets leaked out=gets trapped in dermal layers on skin
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17
Q

What is a plague?

A
  • refers to the disease caused by yersinia pestis
    • Gram - bacteria
  • reservoir = rodents
  • transmitted to humans via flea bites
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18
Q

What are the 3 types of plague

A
  • bubonic plague
  • septicemic
  • pneumonic
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19
Q

Characteristics of septicemic plague

A
  • bacteria from lymph nodes > bloodstream
    • non transmissible
    • death of tissues at the end of extremities (toes, fingers)
    • case mortality rate: (treated/untreated): 40%/100%
20
Q

Characteristics of pneumonic plague

A
  • bacteria from lymph nodes > lungs
    • easily transmissible (coughing)
    • Case Mortality rate: (untreated/treated):100% (24hr survival rate)
21
Q

Cycle of Plague

A

-

22
Q

Characteristics of bubonic plague

A
  • bacteria from flea bite site to lymph nodes, which swell (buboes)
  • not transmissible
  • Case mortality (treated/untreated): 5-10%/ 50%
23
Q

What are the virulence factors of Y. Pestis (plague)

A
  • atypical lipid A in LPS
    • does not activate the immune system
  • lipoproteins/protein capsule
    • prevents WBC phagocytosis
  • adhesins
    • attach to human cells
  • needle like secretion system
    • injects toxins into WBC
  • biofilm
    • causes flea to feel starved
24
Q

What are the effects of the toxins Y. Pestis (plague) injects into WBCs?

A

-interferes with cytoskeleton of WBC

  • interferes with H+ ion pump
    • does not activate acid hydrolases

-toxin that trigger apoptosis of WBC

25
Q

What are the layers that surround the brain? (3)

A
  • meninges
    • Dura mater
    • arachnoid mater
    • pia mater
26
Q

What type of fluid is found in the subarachnoid space?

Where is it made?

A
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CFS)

- choroid plexus

27
Q

What is the function of CFS?

A
  • supplies a cushion to the brain

- helps deliver nutrients to brain cells

28
Q

Characteristics of brain capillaries compared to normal capillaries

A

Normal Capillaries
-endothelial cells have small gaps between them

Brain Capillaries

- endothelial cells have more tight junctions 
- wrapped with projections (feet) from astrocytes (glial cell)
29
Q

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

A
  • protects brain from pathogens and poisons

- slows delivery of medications

30
Q

What is meningitis?

A

The inflammation of the meningis

31
Q

Define encephalitis

A

-inflammation of brain tissue

32
Q

Define meningoencephalitis

A

-when both the meninges and brain tissue are inflammed

33
Q

Define immunopathlogy

A

-damage caused to human tissues due to the immune response

34
Q

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis

A
  • initial: fever, headache, stiff neck, irritability
  • nausea vomiting
  • decreased cognition
  • convulsions and coma
  • death from shock and inflammation
    • endotoxin
35
Q

What are the 3 species of bacterial meningitis talked about in lecture?

A
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • Nesseria meningitidis
  • streptococcus pneumonia
36
Q

-Characteristics of Haemophilus influenzae

A
  • gram negative
  • capsule
  • microflora of throat
  • causes 50% of most bacterial meningitis
    • low case mortality: 6%
37
Q

What does Hib stand for?

A
  • serotype B (capsule) Haemophilus influenzae

- the capsule is the target of the Hib vaccine

38
Q

Characteristics of Neisseria meningitidis

A
  • gram negative cocci
  • capsule
  • 4/10 people have this attached to epithelial cells in the back our our nose, throat, nasopharynx
  • with treatment=10 % mortality rate
    • without: 80%
39
Q

Define meningococcal meningitus

A
  • caused by Neisseria meningitidis
40
Q

Characteristics of streptococcus pneumonia

A
  • gram positive
  • diplococci
  • capsule
  • 7/10 people have them in the throat

-

41
Q

What can you grow in chocolate agar?

A
  • haemophilus influenzae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • streptococcus pneumoniae
42
Q

What causes tetanus

A

-gram positive bacteria clostridium tanae

  • spores get into wound&raquo_space; tissue damage/necrosis creates anaerobic conditions
    • spores germinate and release tetanus toxin
    • toxin enters neurons, transported to spinal cord
43
Q

Symptoms of Tetanus

A
  • motor neurons become overstimulated
    • muscle spasms
    • difficulty swallowing
    • titanic paralysis (all muscles contracting)
    • respiratory failure
44
Q

How is tetanus prevented?

A

-toxoid vaccine: stimulates the production of antibodies against tetanus toxin

45
Q

How does the tetanus toxin affect the CNS

A

-stops the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA) by presynaptic neurons in spinal cord

46
Q

What is chocolate agar?

A

Lysed RBCs

Micro Lecture Exam 3 (5 decks)

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