Medical History Flashcards
What people were the first to keep health records?
The Egyptians
What people were the first to study cause of disease?
The Greek
When did Hippocrates live?
400 BC
What people began the work on a sanitation system?
The Romans
Who wrote the Code of Ethics (Hippocratic Oath)?
Hippocrates
What is the Hippocratic Oath?
Code of Ethics
What did Hippocrates do besides write the Hippocratic Oath?
He studied the body from the outside.
What people first began to organize medical care?
The Romans
When were the Middle Ages?
800-1400 AD
When were the Dark Ages?
400-800 AD
When did the Roman empire fall?
The Dark Ages?
What was a negative outcome of the fall of the Roman empire?
The study of medical science stopped for over 1000 years.
During the dark ages, who were the only people to receive medical help?
Medicine was practiced only in monasteries and convents. Churches got stated in working in medicine.
During the dark ages there were no physicians, who was in charge of medicine?
Monks and priests.
Did the monks and priests who acted as physicians have any scientific background?
No, custodial care only.
During the dark ages what kind of medicine was used?
Herbal medicine.
In what time period were there many plagues and epidemics with no cures?
The Dark Ages
What are some of the plagues/epidemics that erupted during the dark ages?
Small Pox, Diphtheria, Syphilis, Tuberculosis, etc.
What was the Bubonic Plague?
Also known as the Black Death. 60 million people died (1/3 of Europe).
When was The Renaissance Period?
1400-1650 AD
When was the rebirth of science?
During the renaissance period.
What two improvements to education were made during the renaissance period?
The building of schools. And the printing press made books possible and knowledge was shared.
When was the study of the human body through dissection accepted?
During the renaissance period.
Who were three significant individuals who lived in the sixteenth and seventeenth century?
Leonardo Da Vinci, William Harvey, and Anthon van Leeuwenhoek.
Who recorded the anatomy of the body in the 16th and 17th century?
Leonardo Da Vinci
Who discovered the circulatory system?
William Harvey
Who invented the microscope?
Anthon van Leeuwenhoek
What did the inventing of the microscope allow us to do?
It made it possible to observe and identify bacteria and pathogens.
Who were two significant individuals who lived in the eighteenth century?
Edward Jenner and Rene Laennec.
What did Edward Jenner do?
Discovered the cure for Small Pox by developing the first vaccination. He found Cow Pox was similar and not contagious to humans. He used an orphan (James Phips) to test his vaccine.
Who invented the stethoscope?
Rene Laennec
What 16 significant individuals lived in the nineteenth century?
Ignas Phillip Semmelweiss Louis Pasteur Joseph Lister Robert Koch Florence Nightingale Clara Barton Wilhelm Roentgen Paul Ehrlich Phillip Pinnel Ivanoski Sigmund Freud Alexander Fleming Jonas Salk Alfred Sabin Charles Banting Frederick Best
What did Ignas Phillip Semmelweiss do?
Instituted hand washing. Medical students would deliver babies coming from the cadaver lab without washing, causing the death of many children.
How did Ignas Phillip Semmelweiss die?
He died from a cut during an autopsy.
What did Louis Pasteur?
He wrote “The Germ Theory of Disease.” And developed the pasteurization of milk.
Who was Robert Koch?
“Father of Microbiology” discovered many pathogens.
When did Florence Nightingale live?
In the nineteenth century, 1820-1910.
What did Florence Nightingale do?
Started the first school of nursing during the Crimean War. Made nursing an honorable profession, before thought to be the lowest of tasks.
When did Clara Barton live?
In the nineteenth century, 1821-1912.
Who discovered x-rays in 1895?
Wilhelm Roentgen.
What did Paul Ehrlich do?
Used chemicals to fight disease. Anesthesia (nitrous oxide, ether, and chloroform) was used during surgery.
What did Phillip Pinnel do?
Freed the insane. Talked officials into taking the insane from the prisons and treating them with health care rather than as criminals.
Who was Ivanoski?
A Russian who discovered in 1892 viruses that could not be seen and these caused Poliomyelitis, Rabies, and Measles.
What did Sigmund Freud do?
Studied the effects of the unconscious mind on the body. (psychosomatic illnesses)
Who discovered penicillin kill bacteria?
Alexander Fleming
What did Jonas Salk do?
Discovered that a killed poliovirus caused immunity for poliomyelitis.
What did Alfred Sabin do that is still used today?
Used a live virus (attenuated) to immunize against poliomyelitis.
What two people discovered insulin and found a treatment for diabetes mellitus?
Charles Banting and Frederick Best
What did Dr. Helen Brooke Taussig do?
She conceived the idea of surgically correcting cardiac abnormalities.
Who was the first women ambulance surgeon?
Dr. Emily Dunning Barringer
Who was the first women to hold a professorship at Havard University?
Dr. Alice Hamilton
Who was the first women to win the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology?
Dr. Gerti Theresa Cori. She proved an important concept in genetics, that an enzyme deficiency could be inborn and responsible for a disorder in metabolism.
What did Dr. Elizabeth L. Hazen and Dr. Rachel Brown do?
They found and isolated a drug known as Nystatin that is used to treat fungal infections.
Which women in medical history won the Nobel Prize twice?
Madame Marie Curie
What was the subjects Madame Marie Curie was honored in?
Chemistry, especially radium, a radioactive chemical, and physics.
Which women in medical history was turned down for admissions into the Academy of Sciences due to biases agains women?
Madame Marie Curie
Who said the following: “A great number of my friends affirm, not without reasons, that if Pierre, (her husband), and I had guaranteed our rights, we should have had financial means to set up a radium institute. Humanity certainly needs practical men, who get the most out of their work, but humanity also needs dreamers.”
Madame Marie Curie
When did Madame Marie Curie live?
From 1867-1934
Who was the first woman medical graduate of an American University?
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
Who was admitted to the Geneva College of Medicine in New York by mistake, and was later asked to be absent on the day of the male anatomy lecture, but refused? Later becoming the highest class average of the year, she got her M.D. to be an obstetrician.
Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell
When did Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell live?
From 1821-1910
Who was an assistant surgeon during the Civil War era, dressing as a man and also designing rape-proof clothing to protect herself and other women?
Dr. Mary Walker
At one time, the mentally ill were considered to be possessed by demand. However this idea was eventually abandoned and they were considered to be asocial. They were usually put into large insane asylums and were generally uncared for. Who became the champion of humane treatment for the mentally ill and founded the Pennsylvania Hospital for the insane of Harrisburg?
Dorthea Lind Dix
The army post, Fort Dix, located in New Jersey was named in honor of which women in medical history?
Dorthea Lind Dix
Who was the first women to graduate from the New York College of Pharmacy?
Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi
Who worked with Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell, teaching at the newly established Women’s Medical College of The New York Infirmary?
Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi
Who was the first women to win Harvard’s coveted Boylston Medical Prize? As well as established a pioneering pediatric clinic at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York?
Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi
When did Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi live?
From 1842-1906
Who was known as the lady with the lamp?
Florence Nightingale
The single-minded motivating force that led to the professional status for nurses. She was trained for 3 months at the Kaiserwerth Hospital in Germany, one of the first hospitals to train nurses systematically. She continued to obtain experience by donating time to charitable institutions. She was eventually sent into the Crimean War to take care of the wounded British soldiers. When she arrived she found overcrowding, dirty bed, no equipment or facilities with which to care for or properly feed the soldiers. The mortality rate was over 40%. She organized the nurses to cook for the soldiers and to clean the dirty barracks in which they had to lay. She made sure that sheets were changed and washed and that clean bandages were used during dressing changes. She would wander through the rows of beds during the night, aided only by the light of a lantern. She was the founder of the St. Thomas’s Hospital as an educational institution for nurses. Her philosophy was the nurses must develop experience by direct bedside care and not from textbooks only. She died of febrile illness, either typhus or typhoid, that she probably contracted while in Crimea. She lived from 1820-1910. She is honored by nurses who traditionally receive a lamp and recite the Nightingale pledge at capping ceremonies. Who is this individual?
Florence Nightingale
Which women in medical history was a twice winner of the Nobel Prize?
Madame Marie Curie
