Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Who discovered x-rays?
Roentgen
What is another name for deciduous teeth?
Primary teeth or baby teeth
What is the major cause of cavities and gum disease?
Plaque
What is the reddening of the skin?
Erythema
What is inflammation of the soft tissue surrounding teeth?
Gingivitis
What is the failure of the roof of the mouth to fuse?
Cleft palate
What is the unconscious grinding of the teeth?
Bruxism
What is the branch of dentistry which deals with the prevention and treatment of disease and other conditions of the bone and soft tissues around teeth?
Peridontics
What is buccal?
Cheek
What abbreviation is used for “as needed”?
prn
For what purpose is the inhalation of ammonia used?
Fainting or syncope
What salivary gland is found below and in front of the ear?
Parotid gland
What enzyme is made by the salivary glands?
Amylase
What organic compound is broken down by amylase?
Carbohydrates, starch, amylase
What disorder is caused by infection of the parotid gland?
Mumps
What is the effect of epinephrine upon blood vessels?
Vasoconstriction
What is a person called who harbors infection without feeling the effect?
Carrier or reservoir host.
What is the passage of an infectious agent from one patient to another?
Cross infection, crosscontamination, nosocomial infection
What method of sterilization kills all microorganisms and their spores?
Autoclaving
What antibiotic can cause staining of a child’s primary teeth if taken by a pregnant woman during her last trimester of pregnancy?
Tetracycline
What was the antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming?
Penicillin
What was the first antibiotic discovered?
Sulfa
When is the tooth’s pulp chamber and canals removed?
Root Canal
What is the speciality in dentistry that treats children?
Pedodontics
What is the speciality in dentistry that replaces missing mouth structures and teeth with artificial appliances?
Prosthodontics
What is the difference in shades of gray and white on a radiograph called?
Contrast
Who was the first woman to graduate in the field of dentistry?
Lucy Hobbs
Who was the first woman doctor?
Elizabeth Blackwell
What is H2O2?
Hydrogen Perioxide
Who is the father of medicine?
Hippocrates
Who is the founder of modern nursing?
Florence Nightingale
Who is the founder of the American Red Cross?
Clara Barton
What is the name of the cell’s control center?
Nucleus
What is the term that refers to the body’s stable internal environment?
Homeostasis
What term refers to the stopping of bleeding?
Hemostasis
What is the condition in infants that results from the ability to destroy an amino acid found in protein food and soft drinks?
Phenylketonuria or PKU
What is the instrument used to test one’s hearing?
Audiometer
What is the blurring of vision due to abnormal curvature of the cornea?
Astigmatism
To listen to the sounds produced by the body using a stethoscope is called…
Auscultation
What is the inner surface of the arm at the elbow?
Antecubital
What is the absence of urine?
Anuria
What is bloody urine?
Hematuria
What is sugar in the urine?
Glycosuria or Glucosuria
What does an ambulatory patient do?
Walk
What device records the nervous control of the heart?
Electrocardiograph
What is a microorganism that can grow in the presence of oxygen?
Aerobe or aerobic
What term means without fever?
Afebrile
What is the condition characterized by the inward turning of the affected eye?
Ambylopia
What is the name of the disease caused by the lack of thiamine or vitamin B1?
Beriberi
What are microorganisms that feed an inorganic matter called?
Autotrophs
What is the muscle of the upper arm which flexes the forearm?
Biceps or biceps brachii
What is the excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination called?
Biopsy
What is cerumen?
Earwax
What is a pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation called?
Cheyne-Stokes or the Death Rattle
What is the term for repeated seizures or convulsions?
Epilepsy
What is instilling fluid into the rectum and the colon?
Enema
What is chronic lung disease characterized by a loss of the alveolar walls?
Emphysema
What procedure views the bladder?
Cystoscopy
What is the medical term for a nosebleed?
Epistaxis
What are uncoordinated, ineffective heart contractions?
Fibrillation
What is a person’s manner of walking?
Gait
What is a mass of nervous tissue?
Ganglion
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
What is an I&D?
Incision and drainage
A patient that cannot control his or her bladder or bowel is…
incontinent
What term describes the accumulation of fluid in the scrotum?
Hydrocele
What do you call bacteria that take on a purple color after Gram staining?
Gram positive
What is the name of the device that has electrodes attached to a patent’s chest for a 24 hour EKG tracing?
Holter Monitor
What is the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample?
Hematocrit
What is the abbreviation for Hematocrit?
hct
What is the term for the interval between the exposure to infection and the appearance of the first symptoms?
Incubation
What is varicella?
Chicken Pox
What is a disease without a recognizable cause?
Idiopathic
What is ITP?
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura
What is an x-ray of the breast?
Mammogram
What is surgical fixation of the breast?
Mastopexy
What is hyperhidrosis?
Excessive sweating or diaphoresis
What is the name of the test that determines color-blindness?
Ishihara
What is the name of the eye chart used to determine visual acuity?
Snellen
What is an IVP?
Intravanous pyelogram
What is the term for the onset of the menstrual cycle?
Menarche
What is the term for near-sightedness?
Myopia
What is the spread of cancer?
Metastasis
What are sleep attacks or seizures?
Narcolepsy
What is the period of time following the delivery of a baby?
Post-partum
What is the term describing narrowing of the foreskin around the penis?
Phimosis
What is the final chemical reaction in the formation of a blood clot?
The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
What vitamin is necessary for formation of prothrombin and the blood clotting process?
Vitamin K
What is the name of the instrument used to measure breathing?
Spirometer
What term refers to the feebleness of the body and the mind caused by old age?
Senility
Being unable to void or urinate is called…
retention
What is QNS?
Quality Not Sufficient
What is the period of time when the disease symptoms are worse?
Exacerbation
What is the period of time when the disease symptoms are not present?
Remission
What term describes conditions that cannot be reversed?
Terminal
What is the substance called that induces immunity to the recipient?
Vaccine
What is the name of a constricting band used to control bleeding?
Tourniquet
What type of burn is a sunburn?
First degree or superficial
What is the normal hematocrit for female?
37% to 47%
What term refers to the back?
Dorsal
What procedure removes dead and necrotic tissue?
Debridement
What class of drugs counteracts allergies and cold symptoms?
Antihistamines
What type of fracture is the bone crushed in many fragments?
Comminuted
What type of fracture occurs in children when the bone is bent?
Greenstick
What position does a patient sit at a 45 degree angle?
Semi-Fowler’s
What is the thick-walled hard capsule formed by bacteria when conditions for growth are poor?
Spores
What is the lack of thyroid hormone at birth resulting in mental and physical retardation in children? In adults?
Cretinism/Myxedema
What is the relaxation phase of the heart?
Diastole
What is the contraction phase of the heart?
Systole
What is the name of the pulse behind the knee?
Popliteal
What is the name of the pulse in the neck?
Carotid
What is the bluish coloring of the skin that indicates a lack of oxygen?
Cyanosis
What is edema?
swelling
What is the yellow discoloration of the skin and the eyes?
Jaundice
What is vertigo?
Dizziness
What procedure helps to obtain a sterol urine specimen?
Catheterization
What type of drug is necessary to prevent blood clotting?
Anti-coagulant
What current law regulates confidentiality?
HIPAA
What is the abbreviation for before meals?
ac
What is the abbreviation for after meals?
pc
What is the term for gallstones?
Cholelith
What is the medical abbreviation for bedtime?
hs
What term refers to fluid loss?
dehydration
What term refers to the clumping of blood cells?
Agglutination
What cancers occur in epithelial cells?
Carcinoma
What cancers occur in connective cells?
Sarcoma
What artery is commonly used to take a blood pressure?
Brachial
What is the outer meningeal covering?
Dura Mater
What is the heart’s pacemaker?
SA Node
What is the muscular partition between the two ventral body cavities called?
Diaphragm
What is the covering of the heart?
Pericardium
What is the covering of the bone?
Periosteum
What is the valve found between the left atrium and the left ventricle?
Bicuspid or mitral valve
What is the liquid portion of blood called?
Plasma
What are the tiny hair-like projections used to move a cell or to move things past a cell?
Cilia
What cells are the most numerous of all white blood cells?
Neutrophils
What is the malignant form of skin cancer prevalent in Utah?
Melanoma
What RBC pigment carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Hemoglobin
What is the abbreviation for hemoglobin?
hgb hb
What is the watery fluid that remains after a blood clot has formed?
Serum
Where is the circle of Willis found?
Brain
Where do T-lymphocytes mature?
Thymus
Where are blood cells formed?
Red bone marrow
What is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens?
The skin
What vitamin does the skin make?
Vitamin D
From which part of the large intestine does the appendix hang?
Cecum
How many vertebrae are found in the cervical region?
7
What is the first cervical vertebrae?
Atlas
What is the second cervical vertebrae?
Axis
What is the kissing muscle called?
Orbicularis oris
What is the name of the muscle group that extends the leg, located in the anterior thigh?
Quadriceps Femoris
What muscle abducts the arm and caps the shoulder?
Deltoid
What is the common name for the clavicle?
Collar bone
What is the term for the elbow?
Olecranon or cubital
What bone is on the thumb side of the wrist?
Radius
What is another name for fingers and toes?
Phalanges and digits
What is the calcaneous?
Heel
What is another name for ankles?
Tarsals
What kind of muscle is voluntary muscle?
Skeletal
Where is the pituitary gland located?
sella turcica
The spinal cord passes through the large opening in the skull or the…
foramen magnum
What nerve stimulates the diaphragm contract?
Phrenic
What nerve innervates the arm?
Axillary
What nerve controls leg movement?
Sciatic
What part of the body is supplied with nutrients by the inferior mesenteric artery?
Large intestine
What is the name of the longest vein in the body?
Saphenous
What is the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary
What ventricle pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
What veins drain regions of the body supplied by the carotid arteries?
Jugular veins
What muscle contains intercalated disks?
Cardiac
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli
What are erythrocytes?
Red blood cells
What is another name for the windpipe?
Trachea
What is the respiratory stimulus?
Carbon dioxide
What is the area of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus?
Mediastinum
What is the removal of a lung?
Pneumonectomy
Where does the lymphatic system rejoin the circulatory system?
Subclavian veins
What is the back up pacemaker of the heart?
AV node
What part of the cardiac conduction system directly stimulates the ventricles?
Purkinje fibers
What is the medical term for nosebleeds?
Epistaxis
In what layer of the dermis are fingerprints located?
Papillary layer
What glands secrete oil?
Sebaceous glands
What is the rhythmic smooth muscle contractions that propel urine through the ureters?
Peristalsis
What part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure?
Medulla oblongata
What part of the brain is the sensory relay station?
Thalamus
What cranial nerve regulates heart rate and digestive functions?
vagus
What cranial nerve focuses the lens and helps to move the eye?
Oculomotor
What is the blood vessel that takes blood away from the kidneys?
Renal vein
What is the cluster of capillaries where kidney filtration takes place?
Glomerulus
What is the individual region of the kidney or the lung?
Hilus or hilum
What is inflammation of the bladder?
Cystitis
What is the main nitrogenous waste produced by the body cells that use protein?
Urea
What is the donut shaped gland inferior to the urinary bladder?
Prostate gland
What do the lacrimal glands secrete?
Tears
What is lactation?
Production of milk
What do seminiferous tubules produce?
Sperm
What hormone is lacking in diabetes mellitus?
Insulin
Where does fertilization occur?
Uterine tubes
What is the removal of the uterus?
Hysterectomy
What is the rupture of the egg from the ovarian follicle?
Ovulation
What are the finger-like projections at the end of the uterine tubes?
Finbraie
What is the structure where sperm mature?
Epididymis
What is the name of the cartilage structure that prevents food from entering the larynx?
Epiglottis
What is the distal end of the stomach connected to the small intestine called?
Pylorus
What is the first part of the small intestine?
Duodenum
How many sections of the small intestine are there?
3
How many middle ear bones are there?
3
Give the specific names of the middle ear bones.
Malleus, incus, and stapes
What is the term for the cessation of ovarian activity?
Menopause
What organ stores and concentrates bile?
Gallbladder
What substance is responsible for the emulsification of fats?
Bile
What enzyme helps to digest protein in the stomach?
Pepsin
What are the folds in the stomach lining?
Rugae
What is the developing organism from one week after conception until eight weeks?
Embryo
What structure implants into the endometrium?
Blastocyst
When are brain waves present in the developing fetus?
8 weeks
What is the distal and longest section of the small intestine?
Ileum
How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
How many teeth does an adult who has a full set of teeth have?
32
What structure helps to guard the entrance of the stomach from the esophagus?
Cardiac sphincter
What substance is absorbed by the lacteals?
Fat or fatty acids and glycerol
What is the valve between the small and large intestines?
Ileocecal valve
What is the largest glandular organ?
Liver
What nerve cells in the eye are responsible for color vision?
Cones
What nerve cells in the eye are responsible for black and white vision?
Rods
What is cut into during an myringotomy?
Eardrum
What do ceruminous glands produce?
Earwax
What membrane lines the eyelids and eyes?
Conjunctiva
What is the central opening in the iris called?
Pupil
What is the pigmented, muscular portion of the eye?
Retina
What is the neurotransmitter in the brain that limits extra motor movement?
Dopamine
What is the neurotransmitter associated with moods?
Serotonin
What muscle controls the shape of the lens?
Ciliary muscle or ciliary body
What are the fluid filled spaces within the brain?
Ventricles
What cranial nerve is associated with the sense of smell?
Olfactory
What is the junction between the neurons and the muscle?
Synapse
What cranial nerve is associated with vision?
Optic
What hormones maintain the lining of the endometrium during pregnancy?
Progesterone
What hormone increases metabolism?
Thyroxine
What mineral is necessary for the formation of thyroxine?
Iodine
What brain lobe interprets smell?
Frontal
What brain lobe interprets taste, touch, temperature, and pain?
Parietal
What hemisphere of the brain is associated with creativity and art?
Right
What structure connects the two hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
What part of the brain is responsible for sex drive, blood pressure, thirst, hunger, and temperature regulation?
hypothalamus
Why are antipyretics prescribed?
Reduce fever
What is an inactive substance that has no effect on the body?
Placebo
What is the abbreviation for prescription?
Rx
What results from an antigen-antibody response?
Allergy
What is a severe form of allergy shock that may be fatal?
Anaphylactic shock
What sugar is found in milk?
Lactose
What is another name for the knee cap?
Patella
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What vitamin increases the absorption of iron?
Vitamin C
What is the scientific name for fiber?
Cellulose
Who is the father of medicine?
Hippocrates
Who discovered asepsis?
Joseph Lister
Where in the united states did the first pharmacy school open in 1861?
Philadelphia
