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HOSA > Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered x-rays?

A

Roentgen

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2
Q

What is another name for deciduous teeth?

A

Primary teeth or baby teeth

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3
Q

What is the major cause of cavities and gum disease?

A

Plaque

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4
Q

What is the reddening of the skin?

A

Erythema

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5
Q

What is inflammation of the soft tissue surrounding teeth?

A

Gingivitis

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6
Q

What is the failure of the roof of the mouth to fuse?

A

Cleft palate

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7
Q

What is the unconscious grinding of the teeth?

A

Bruxism

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8
Q

What is the branch of dentistry which deals with the prevention and treatment of disease and other conditions of the bone and soft tissues around teeth?

A

Peridontics

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9
Q

What is buccal?

A

Cheek

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10
Q

What abbreviation is used for “as needed”?

A

prn

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11
Q

For what purpose is the inhalation of ammonia used?

A

Fainting or syncope

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12
Q

What salivary gland is found below and in front of the ear?

A

Parotid gland

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13
Q

What enzyme is made by the salivary glands?

A

Amylase

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14
Q

What organic compound is broken down by amylase?

A

Carbohydrates, starch, amylase

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15
Q

What disorder is caused by infection of the parotid gland?

A

Mumps

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16
Q

What is the effect of epinephrine upon blood vessels?

A

Vasoconstriction

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17
Q

What is a person called who harbors infection without feeling the effect?

A

Carrier or reservoir host.

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18
Q

What is the passage of an infectious agent from one patient to another?

A

Cross infection, crosscontamination, nosocomial infection

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19
Q

What method of sterilization kills all microorganisms and their spores?

A

Autoclaving

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20
Q

What antibiotic can cause staining of a child’s primary teeth if taken by a pregnant woman during her last trimester of pregnancy?

A

Tetracycline

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21
Q

What was the antibiotic discovered by Sir Alexander Fleming?

A

Penicillin

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22
Q

What was the first antibiotic discovered?

A

Sulfa

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23
Q

When is the tooth’s pulp chamber and canals removed?

A

Root Canal

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24
Q

What is the speciality in dentistry that treats children?

A

Pedodontics

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25
Q

What is the speciality in dentistry that replaces missing mouth structures and teeth with artificial appliances?

A

Prosthodontics

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26
Q

What is the difference in shades of gray and white on a radiograph called?

A

Contrast

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27
Q

Who was the first woman to graduate in the field of dentistry?

A

Lucy Hobbs

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28
Q

Who was the first woman doctor?

A

Elizabeth Blackwell

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29
Q

What is H2O2?

A

Hydrogen Perioxide

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30
Q

Who is the father of medicine?

A

Hippocrates

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31
Q

Who is the founder of modern nursing?

A

Florence Nightingale

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32
Q

Who is the founder of the American Red Cross?

A

Clara Barton

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33
Q

What is the name of the cell’s control center?

A

Nucleus

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34
Q

What is the term that refers to the body’s stable internal environment?

A

Homeostasis

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35
Q

What term refers to the stopping of bleeding?

A

Hemostasis

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36
Q

What is the condition in infants that results from the ability to destroy an amino acid found in protein food and soft drinks?

A

Phenylketonuria or PKU

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37
Q

What is the instrument used to test one’s hearing?

A

Audiometer

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38
Q

What is the blurring of vision due to abnormal curvature of the cornea?

A

Astigmatism

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39
Q

To listen to the sounds produced by the body using a stethoscope is called…

A

Auscultation

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40
Q

What is the inner surface of the arm at the elbow?

A

Antecubital

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41
Q

What is the absence of urine?

A

Anuria

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42
Q

What is bloody urine?

A

Hematuria

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43
Q

What is sugar in the urine?

A

Glycosuria or Glucosuria

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44
Q

What does an ambulatory patient do?

A

Walk

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45
Q

What device records the nervous control of the heart?

A

Electrocardiograph

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46
Q

What is a microorganism that can grow in the presence of oxygen?

A

Aerobe or aerobic

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47
Q

What term means without fever?

A

Afebrile

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48
Q

What is the condition characterized by the inward turning of the affected eye?

A

Ambylopia

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49
Q

What is the name of the disease caused by the lack of thiamine or vitamin B1?

A

Beriberi

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50
Q

What are microorganisms that feed an inorganic matter called?

A

Autotrophs

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51
Q

What is the muscle of the upper arm which flexes the forearm?

A

Biceps or biceps brachii

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52
Q

What is the excision of a small piece of tissue for microscopic examination called?

A

Biopsy

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53
Q

What is cerumen?

A

Earwax

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54
Q

What is a pattern of breathing characterized by alternating periods of apnea and hyperventilation called?

A

Cheyne-Stokes or the Death Rattle

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55
Q

What is the term for repeated seizures or convulsions?

A

Epilepsy

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56
Q

What is instilling fluid into the rectum and the colon?

A

Enema

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57
Q

What is chronic lung disease characterized by a loss of the alveolar walls?

A

Emphysema

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58
Q

What procedure views the bladder?

A

Cystoscopy

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59
Q

What is the medical term for a nosebleed?

A

Epistaxis

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60
Q

What are uncoordinated, ineffective heart contractions?

A

Fibrillation

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61
Q

What is a person’s manner of walking?

A

Gait

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62
Q

What is a mass of nervous tissue?

A

Ganglion

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63
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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64
Q

What is an I&D?

A

Incision and drainage

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65
Q

A patient that cannot control his or her bladder or bowel is…

A

incontinent

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66
Q

What term describes the accumulation of fluid in the scrotum?

A

Hydrocele

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67
Q

What do you call bacteria that take on a purple color after Gram staining?

A

Gram positive

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68
Q

What is the name of the device that has electrodes attached to a patent’s chest for a 24 hour EKG tracing?

A

Holter Monitor

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69
Q

What is the measurement of the percentage of red blood cells in a blood sample?

A

Hematocrit

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70
Q

What is the abbreviation for Hematocrit?

A

hct

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71
Q

What is the term for the interval between the exposure to infection and the appearance of the first symptoms?

A

Incubation

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72
Q

What is varicella?

A

Chicken Pox

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73
Q

What is a disease without a recognizable cause?

A

Idiopathic

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74
Q

What is ITP?

A

Idiopathic Thrombocytopenia Purpura

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75
Q

What is an x-ray of the breast?

A

Mammogram

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76
Q

What is surgical fixation of the breast?

A

Mastopexy

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77
Q

What is hyperhidrosis?

A

Excessive sweating or diaphoresis

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78
Q

What is the name of the test that determines color-blindness?

A

Ishihara

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79
Q

What is the name of the eye chart used to determine visual acuity?

A

Snellen

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80
Q

What is an IVP?

A

Intravanous pyelogram

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81
Q

What is the term for the onset of the menstrual cycle?

A

Menarche

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82
Q

What is the term for near-sightedness?

A

Myopia

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83
Q

What is the spread of cancer?

A

Metastasis

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84
Q

What are sleep attacks or seizures?

A

Narcolepsy

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85
Q

What is the period of time following the delivery of a baby?

A

Post-partum

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86
Q

What is the term describing narrowing of the foreskin around the penis?

A

Phimosis

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87
Q

What is the final chemical reaction in the formation of a blood clot?

A

The conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

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88
Q

What vitamin is necessary for formation of prothrombin and the blood clotting process?

A

Vitamin K

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89
Q

What is the name of the instrument used to measure breathing?

A

Spirometer

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90
Q

What term refers to the feebleness of the body and the mind caused by old age?

A

Senility

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91
Q

Being unable to void or urinate is called…

A

retention

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92
Q

What is QNS?

A

Quality Not Sufficient

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93
Q

What is the period of time when the disease symptoms are worse?

A

Exacerbation

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94
Q

What is the period of time when the disease symptoms are not present?

A

Remission

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95
Q

What term describes conditions that cannot be reversed?

A

Terminal

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96
Q

What is the substance called that induces immunity to the recipient?

A

Vaccine

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97
Q

What is the name of a constricting band used to control bleeding?

A

Tourniquet

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98
Q

What type of burn is a sunburn?

A

First degree or superficial

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99
Q

What is the normal hematocrit for female?

A

37% to 47%

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100
Q

What term refers to the back?

A

Dorsal

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101
Q

What procedure removes dead and necrotic tissue?

A

Debridement

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102
Q

What class of drugs counteracts allergies and cold symptoms?

A

Antihistamines

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103
Q

What type of fracture is the bone crushed in many fragments?

A

Comminuted

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104
Q

What type of fracture occurs in children when the bone is bent?

A

Greenstick

105
Q

What position does a patient sit at a 45 degree angle?

A

Semi-Fowler’s

106
Q

What is the thick-walled hard capsule formed by bacteria when conditions for growth are poor?

A

Spores

107
Q

What is the lack of thyroid hormone at birth resulting in mental and physical retardation in children? In adults?

A

Cretinism/Myxedema

108
Q

What is the relaxation phase of the heart?

A

Diastole

109
Q

What is the contraction phase of the heart?

A

Systole

110
Q

What is the name of the pulse behind the knee?

A

Popliteal

111
Q

What is the name of the pulse in the neck?

A

Carotid

112
Q

What is the bluish coloring of the skin that indicates a lack of oxygen?

A

Cyanosis

113
Q

What is edema?

A

swelling

114
Q

What is the yellow discoloration of the skin and the eyes?

A

Jaundice

115
Q

What is vertigo?

A

Dizziness

116
Q

What procedure helps to obtain a sterol urine specimen?

A

Catheterization

117
Q

What type of drug is necessary to prevent blood clotting?

A

Anti-coagulant

118
Q

What current law regulates confidentiality?

A

HIPAA

119
Q

What is the abbreviation for before meals?

A

ac

120
Q

What is the abbreviation for after meals?

A

pc

121
Q

What is the term for gallstones?

A

Cholelith

122
Q

What is the medical abbreviation for bedtime?

A

hs

123
Q

What term refers to fluid loss?

A

dehydration

124
Q

What term refers to the clumping of blood cells?

A

Agglutination

125
Q

What cancers occur in epithelial cells?

A

Carcinoma

126
Q

What cancers occur in connective cells?

A

Sarcoma

127
Q

What artery is commonly used to take a blood pressure?

A

Brachial

128
Q

What is the outer meningeal covering?

A

Dura Mater

129
Q

What is the heart’s pacemaker?

A

SA Node

130
Q

What is the muscular partition between the two ventral body cavities called?

A

Diaphragm

131
Q

What is the covering of the heart?

A

Pericardium

132
Q

What is the covering of the bone?

A

Periosteum

133
Q

What is the valve found between the left atrium and the left ventricle?

A

Bicuspid or mitral valve

134
Q

What is the liquid portion of blood called?

A

Plasma

135
Q

What are the tiny hair-like projections used to move a cell or to move things past a cell?

A

Cilia

136
Q

What cells are the most numerous of all white blood cells?

A

Neutrophils

137
Q

What is the malignant form of skin cancer prevalent in Utah?

A

Melanoma

138
Q

What RBC pigment carries both oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Hemoglobin

139
Q

What is the abbreviation for hemoglobin?

A

hgb hb

140
Q

What is the watery fluid that remains after a blood clot has formed?

A

Serum

141
Q

Where is the circle of Willis found?

A

Brain

142
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus

143
Q

Where are blood cells formed?

A

Red bone marrow

144
Q

What is the body’s first line of defense against pathogens?

A

The skin

145
Q

What vitamin does the skin make?

A

Vitamin D

146
Q

From which part of the large intestine does the appendix hang?

A

Cecum

147
Q

How many vertebrae are found in the cervical region?

A

7

148
Q

What is the first cervical vertebrae?

A

Atlas

149
Q

What is the second cervical vertebrae?

A

Axis

150
Q

What is the kissing muscle called?

A

Orbicularis oris

151
Q

What is the name of the muscle group that extends the leg, located in the anterior thigh?

A

Quadriceps Femoris

152
Q

What muscle abducts the arm and caps the shoulder?

A

Deltoid

153
Q

What is the common name for the clavicle?

A

Collar bone

154
Q

What is the term for the elbow?

A

Olecranon or cubital

155
Q

What bone is on the thumb side of the wrist?

A

Radius

156
Q

What is another name for fingers and toes?

A

Phalanges and digits

157
Q

What is the calcaneous?

A

Heel

158
Q

What is another name for ankles?

A

Tarsals

159
Q

What kind of muscle is voluntary muscle?

A

Skeletal

160
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

sella turcica

161
Q

The spinal cord passes through the large opening in the skull or the…

A

foramen magnum

162
Q

What nerve stimulates the diaphragm contract?

A

Phrenic

163
Q

What nerve innervates the arm?

A

Axillary

164
Q

What nerve controls leg movement?

A

Sciatic

165
Q

What part of the body is supplied with nutrients by the inferior mesenteric artery?

A

Large intestine

166
Q

What is the name of the longest vein in the body?

A

Saphenous

167
Q

What is the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary

168
Q

What ventricle pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right ventricle

169
Q

What veins drain regions of the body supplied by the carotid arteries?

A

Jugular veins

170
Q

What muscle contains intercalated disks?

A

Cardiac

171
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

Alveoli

172
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

173
Q

What is another name for the windpipe?

A

Trachea

174
Q

What is the respiratory stimulus?

A

Carbon dioxide

175
Q

What is the area of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus?

A

Mediastinum

176
Q

What is the removal of a lung?

A

Pneumonectomy

177
Q

Where does the lymphatic system rejoin the circulatory system?

A

Subclavian veins

178
Q

What is the back up pacemaker of the heart?

A

AV node

179
Q

What part of the cardiac conduction system directly stimulates the ventricles?

A

Purkinje fibers

180
Q

What is the medical term for nosebleeds?

A

Epistaxis

181
Q

In what layer of the dermis are fingerprints located?

A

Papillary layer

182
Q

What glands secrete oil?

A

Sebaceous glands

183
Q

What is the rhythmic smooth muscle contractions that propel urine through the ureters?

A

Peristalsis

184
Q

What part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure?

A

Medulla oblongata

185
Q

What part of the brain is the sensory relay station?

A

Thalamus

186
Q

What cranial nerve regulates heart rate and digestive functions?

A

vagus

187
Q

What cranial nerve focuses the lens and helps to move the eye?

A

Oculomotor

188
Q

What is the blood vessel that takes blood away from the kidneys?

A

Renal vein

189
Q

What is the cluster of capillaries where kidney filtration takes place?

A

Glomerulus

190
Q

What is the individual region of the kidney or the lung?

A

Hilus or hilum

191
Q

What is inflammation of the bladder?

A

Cystitis

192
Q

What is the main nitrogenous waste produced by the body cells that use protein?

A

Urea

193
Q

What is the donut shaped gland inferior to the urinary bladder?

A

Prostate gland

194
Q

What do the lacrimal glands secrete?

A

Tears

195
Q

What is lactation?

A

Production of milk

196
Q

What do seminiferous tubules produce?

A

Sperm

197
Q

What hormone is lacking in diabetes mellitus?

A

Insulin

198
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Uterine tubes

199
Q

What is the removal of the uterus?

A

Hysterectomy

200
Q

What is the rupture of the egg from the ovarian follicle?

A

Ovulation

201
Q

What are the finger-like projections at the end of the uterine tubes?

A

Finbraie

202
Q

What is the structure where sperm mature?

A

Epididymis

203
Q

What is the name of the cartilage structure that prevents food from entering the larynx?

A

Epiglottis

204
Q

What is the distal end of the stomach connected to the small intestine called?

A

Pylorus

205
Q

What is the first part of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum

206
Q

How many sections of the small intestine are there?

A

3

207
Q

How many middle ear bones are there?

A

3

208
Q

Give the specific names of the middle ear bones.

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

209
Q

What is the term for the cessation of ovarian activity?

A

Menopause

210
Q

What organ stores and concentrates bile?

A

Gallbladder

211
Q

What substance is responsible for the emulsification of fats?

A

Bile

212
Q

What enzyme helps to digest protein in the stomach?

A

Pepsin

213
Q

What are the folds in the stomach lining?

A

Rugae

214
Q

What is the developing organism from one week after conception until eight weeks?

A

Embryo

215
Q

What structure implants into the endometrium?

A

Blastocyst

216
Q

When are brain waves present in the developing fetus?

A

8 weeks

217
Q

What is the distal and longest section of the small intestine?

A

Ileum

218
Q

How many deciduous teeth are there?

A

20

219
Q

How many teeth does an adult who has a full set of teeth have?

A

32

220
Q

What structure helps to guard the entrance of the stomach from the esophagus?

A

Cardiac sphincter

221
Q

What substance is absorbed by the lacteals?

A

Fat or fatty acids and glycerol

222
Q

What is the valve between the small and large intestines?

A

Ileocecal valve

223
Q

What is the largest glandular organ?

A

Liver

224
Q

What nerve cells in the eye are responsible for color vision?

A

Cones

225
Q

What nerve cells in the eye are responsible for black and white vision?

A

Rods

226
Q

What is cut into during an myringotomy?

A

Eardrum

227
Q

What do ceruminous glands produce?

A

Earwax

228
Q

What membrane lines the eyelids and eyes?

A

Conjunctiva

229
Q

What is the central opening in the iris called?

A

Pupil

230
Q

What is the pigmented, muscular portion of the eye?

A

Retina

231
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the brain that limits extra motor movement?

A

Dopamine

232
Q

What is the neurotransmitter associated with moods?

A

Serotonin

233
Q

What muscle controls the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscle or ciliary body

234
Q

What are the fluid filled spaces within the brain?

A

Ventricles

235
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with the sense of smell?

A

Olfactory

236
Q

What is the junction between the neurons and the muscle?

A

Synapse

237
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with vision?

A

Optic

238
Q

What hormones maintain the lining of the endometrium during pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

239
Q

What hormone increases metabolism?

A

Thyroxine

240
Q

What mineral is necessary for the formation of thyroxine?

A

Iodine

241
Q

What brain lobe interprets smell?

A

Frontal

242
Q

What brain lobe interprets taste, touch, temperature, and pain?

A

Parietal

243
Q

What hemisphere of the brain is associated with creativity and art?

A

Right

244
Q

What structure connects the two hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

245
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for sex drive, blood pressure, thirst, hunger, and temperature regulation?

A

hypothalamus

246
Q

Why are antipyretics prescribed?

A

Reduce fever

247
Q

What is an inactive substance that has no effect on the body?

A

Placebo

248
Q

What is the abbreviation for prescription?

A

Rx

249
Q

What results from an antigen-antibody response?

A

Allergy

250
Q

What is a severe form of allergy shock that may be fatal?

A

Anaphylactic shock

251
Q

What sugar is found in milk?

A

Lactose

252
Q

What is another name for the knee cap?

A

Patella

253
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids

254
Q

What vitamin increases the absorption of iron?

A

Vitamin C

255
Q

What is the scientific name for fiber?

A

Cellulose

256
Q

Who is the father of medicine?

A

Hippocrates

257
Q

Who discovered asepsis?

A

Joseph Lister

258
Q

Where in the united states did the first pharmacy school open in 1861?

A

Philadelphia

HOSA (5 decks)

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