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NCERT ECC IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL > Medical Emergencies > Flashcards

Medical Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What is expected in a patient presenting in Chronic heart failure (CHF)

A 
Dyspnoea
Abdominal Effort 
Pale/Cyanotic MM 
Cough 
Syncope 
Exercise intolerance
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2
Q

What is drug is recommended as a sedative for a patient with CHF

A

Butorphanol

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3
Q

What are causes of CHF

A

Mitral endocardiosis
DCM
Feline myocardial disease

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4
Q

What are 6 historical features of a patient with CHF

A 
Weigh loss 
coughing 
exercise intolerance 
Lethargy and fatigue 
Inappetence
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5
Q

What is the most common sign of dogs presenting with acute CHF

A

respiratory distress

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6
Q

What are 4 things you can do as a treatment for a patient presenting in CHF

A

oxygen therapy
cage rest
sedative - relieve distress
Diuresis

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7
Q

What are the three stages of an AKI

A

pre renal
renal
post renal

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8
Q

What is a pre renal AKI

A

Includes those which affect the blood flow to the kidneys

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9
Q

What is a renal AKI

A

Effects the kidneys directly e.g nephrotoxins

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10
Q

what is a post renal AKI

A

Due to urinary obstructions

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11
Q

What are clinical signs of AKI’s

A 
Azotemia ( elevated BUN and CREA) 
Fluid retention 
Acid base abnormalities 
Tachypnoea 
tacky MM 
Bradycardia 
Hypothermia
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12
Q

How are AKI’s graded

A

graded in kidney filtration rate - characterised by the increase of creatinine and changes in UOP.

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13
Q

What is an example of a pre renal AKI

A

Hypovolemia
Dehydration
Hypotension

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14
Q

What is an example of the ‘renal AKI’ and the two types

A

infections - lepto,

non infectious - Toxins , NSAIDS

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15
Q

What is the creatinine level in a grade 1 AKI

A

under 1.6 mg/dL

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16
Q

What is the creatinine level in a grade 2 AKI

A

1.7-2.5 mg/dL

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17
Q

What is the creatinine level in a grade 3 AKI

A

2.6-5.0 mg/dL

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18
Q

What is the creatinine level in a grade 4 AKI

A

5.1 - 10 mg/dL

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19
Q

What is the creatinine level in a grade 5AKI

A

over 10 mg/dL

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20
Q

What is an example of post renal AKI

A

Bladder stone
Prostatic disease
Urethral/bladder perforation

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21
Q

What are 6 form of treatment you could use on a patient with an AKI

A 
IVFT 
correction of electrolyte imbalance 
Diuresis - mannitol/Fruosemide 
Antidote for toxin? 
Manage oliuria/anuria 
U-cath or surgery (post renal)
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22
Q

What are the main 6 endocrine glands

A
  • thyroid
  • Parathyroid
  • Pituratory gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Pancreas
    Ovaries
    Testes
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23
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system

A

To release and produce hormones delivered by the bloodstream

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24
Q

What is a DKA

A

Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Low insulin stops glucose being taken up by cells. Causing the metabolism of fats and proteins releasing KETONES making an acidosis and high glucose

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25
Q

What is the most common endocrine emergency

A

DKA

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26
Q

What are the two types of diabetes mellitus in dogs

A 
Insulin deficiency (absolute) 
Insulin insensitivity (relative)
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27
Q

What are 4 clinical signs of a DKA

A

Vomiting
Depression
Tachycardia
dehydration

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28
Q

What are the 3 steps for the treatment of a DKA

A
  1. Correction of dehydration and intravascular volume
  2. Normalise glucose - insulin
  3. Correct electrolyte and acid-base imbalance
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29
Q

What is hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s disease

Malfunction of adrenal glands decreasing cortisol and aldosterone production

30
Q

Addison’s disease is a reflection of what

A

low circulating steroids (cortisol and aldosterone due to malfunction of adrenal glands

31
Q

What are the 2 main steroids

A

Glucocortic acid - Cortisol and aldosterone

Mineralcorticoid - Aldosterone

32
Q

What is Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) responsible for

A

Reabsorption of sodium and the excretion of potassium

33
Q

What does low Aldosterone (mineralcorticoid) result in

A

hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia

34
Q

What are some clinical signs of a cortisol (Glucocortic) deficiency

A

GI signs

Vomiting diarrhoea

35
Q

What are some clinical signs of a patient in Addisonian crisis

A 
Diarrhoea 
Vomiting 
PU/PD 
Lethargy 
Bradycardia 
Dehydration 
Hyperkalaemia 
Hyponatraemia
36
Q

What is the treatment for a patient in What are some clinical signs of a patient in Addisonian crisis

A
  • Aggressive IVFT (NaCl)
  • Dexamethasone ( doesnt affect ACTH stim)
  • Insulin - hyperkalaemia
  • Dextrose - hypoglycemia
37
Q

What are the 5 stages of treatment when dealing with a poisoned patient?

A
  1. Stabilise and support
  2. Reduce and minimise absorption of the toxin
  3. Working diagnosis
  4. Antidote?
  5. Increase elimination of toxin
38
Q

How do you induce emesis in a dog

A

Apomorphine

39
Q

How do you induce emesis in a cats

A

soda crystals

40
Q

What is recommended if emesis is contraindicated?

A

Gastric lavage

41
Q

In gastric lavage what rib should the gastric tube go measuring from the nose

A

13th rib

42
Q

what 4 toxins are poorly absorbed by charcoal?

A

Ethanol, Methanol, Nitrates and Lead.

43
Q

What is the antidote for Paracetamol?

A

N-Acetylcysteine

44
Q

What is the antidote for anticoags (Rodenticides) ?

A

Vitamin K

45
Q

What is the antidote for Ethylene ?

A

Atropine

46
Q

What is the antidote for Opioids?

A

Naloxone

47
Q

What is the antidote for Vitamin D ?

A

Calcitronin

48
Q

How do you increase the elimination of a toxin

A

IVFT - Diuresis

Laxatives

49
Q

What are the clinical signs if a patient has present with chocolate toxicity

A

Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Tachycardia
Tremors/Seizures

50
Q

What is the treatment for a patient has present with chocolate toxicity

A 
Eliminate the toxin 
Charcoal 
Induce emesis 
IVFT 
Benzodiazepines if seizure
51
Q

What are the clinical signs of a patient presenting with an NSAID toxicity

A 
Vomiting 
Diarrhoea 
Gastric ulcer 
Renal failure 
Hypotension
52
Q

What is the treatment for a a patient presenting with an NSAID toxicity

A

IVFT

Gastro protectants

53
Q

What is the treatment for a a patient presenting with an Grape toxicity

A

IVFT
Emesis
Charcoal

54
Q

What are the clinical signs for a a patient presenting with an Grape toxicity

A

Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Renal failure
Lethargy

55
Q

What are the clinical signs for a patient with lily toxicity

A 
GI irritation 
Vomiting 
Diarrhoea 
Anorexia 
Renal toxicity
56
Q

What is the treatment for a a patient presenting with an lily toxicity

A

IVFT

57
Q

What does xylitol do to the cells if they are ingested?

A

Glucose is driven into the cells

58
Q

What are the clinical signs of xylitol toxicity

A

Neurological signs
Vomiting
Ataxia
seizures

59
Q

What are mycotoxins

A

Moulds (blue cheese, bin, compost)

60
Q

What are some clinical signs of a patient with mycotoxin toxicity

A

twitching
seizures
vomiting
AKI

61
Q

What is parvo virus

A

A highly infection pathogen that causes rapid onset of dividing cells.

62
Q

What cells are affected from parvo virus ??

A

Gastrointestinal cells
myocardial cells
bone marrow cells

63
Q

What are the clinical signs of a patient presenting with parvo virus

A 
Vomiting 
Diarrhoea 
Lethargy 
poor appetite
poor demeanour 
pyrexia 
weight loss
64
Q

What is the treatment for a patient with parvo virus

A

Antibiotics - treat neutropenia, GI protectant, stop bacterial translocation, help fever and sepsis.
IVFT - 50ml/kg/day + ongoing losses
Nutritional support -12-24 hours vomiting has stopped
antiemetics
Vit B
Antiparasitic
Probiotics

65
Q

What clotting factors are affected with rodenticide toxicity

A

II VII IX X
(2,7,9,10)

66
Q

What factors are tested pT and ApTT

A

pT: VIII X V II
(8 10 5 2)
aPPT : XII XI IX VIII
(12,11,9,8)

67
Q

What’s the toxic dose of chocolate

A

Dark 3.5g/kg
Milk 13g/kg
White check for xylitol nuts of raisins.

68
Q

What are 3 stages of seizures

A

Prodromal (lasts hours to days) procedures to seizure leading up

Aura (pre ictal) localised signs indicating a seizure is coming (restlessness)

Ictal - actual seizure event

69
Q

Types of seizures

A

Generalised - both cerebral hemispheres (consciousness lost)

Tonic clonic - tonic phase (stiffness) then clonic phase (jerking)

Focal (partial) only on cerebral hemisphere involved

70
Q

Best test to diagnose Addison’s

A

ACTH stim

71
Q

Treatment for Addisons

A

Steroids (glucocorticoids)

72
Q
A

NCERT ECC IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL (8 decks)

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