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NCERT ECC IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL > Blood Gas Analysis > Flashcards

Blood Gas Analysis Flashcards

1
Q

What does the body produce to metabolise carbohydrates, fats and proteins?

A

Carbon dioxide and hydrogen (CO2 + H+)

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2
Q

Where is CO2 excreted?

A

The Lungs

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3
Q

Where is hydrogen excreted?

A

The Kidneys

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4
Q

What is carbon dioxide?

A

An acid

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5
Q

What does CO2 and H+ form when binded?

A

H2CO3 = carbonic acid

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6
Q

What is a normal pH range ( cat and dog )

A

DOG 7.35-7.45 CAT: 7.31–7.46

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7
Q

What is the normal range of PCO2 (cat and dog)

A

Dog: 35-45 Cat: 25-37

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8
Q

What is the normal range of HCO3- in cats and dogs?

A

Dog: 20-26 Cats: 14-22

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9
Q

What is the normal range of Base Excess BE?

A

-4-+4

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10
Q

What pH is incompatible with life?

A

6.8-7.9

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11
Q

What are the factors of a respiratory acidosis?

A

Elevated PCO2 (above 45mmHg) and low pH below 7.35

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12
Q

What are the factors of a metabolic acidosis?

A

Low BE (below - 4) and HC03 (below 20) and low pH - below 7.35

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13
Q

What are the factors of a respiratory alkalosis?

A

Increased pH (above 7.45) and decreased pCO2 (below 35mmHg)

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14
Q

What are the factors of a metabolic alkalosis?

A

Increase pH (above 7.45) and an increased HCO3 (above 26) and BE above +4.

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15
Q

What are the causes of a respiratory acidosis and some examples ?

A 
Drugs from a GA 
Hypoventilation (accumulation of co2) 
Upper airway obstruction 
Central nervous system trauma 
Pleural space disease (pneumothorax, pleural effusion)
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16
Q

What are the causes of a metabolic acidosis and some examples?

A 
An increase of acid production 
e.g DKA 
Renal disease 
Diarrhoea/Vomiting (loss of H+)
Hyperadrenocortisim
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17
Q

What are the causes of a respiratory alkalosis?

A 
Reduction of Co2 
Hyperventilation 
Pain 
Fever 
Anxiety
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18
Q

What does a low Pa02 represent?

A

Hypoxaemia?

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19
Q

What is Pa02

A

a reflection of the ability of the lungs to transfer oxygen to the blood

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20
Q

What is the cause of hypoxaemia?

A

Reduced fraction inspired oxygen and ventilation perfusion VQ mismatch

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21
Q

What is a normal Pa02 on room air

A

80-105 mmHg

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22
Q

What does PaCo2 indicate

A

the effectiveness or alveolar ventilation

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23
Q

What does hyperventilation result in?

A

Decreased CO2 - (hypocapnia)

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24
Q

What does hypoventilation result in?

A

Increased CO2 (hypercapnia)

25
Q

What is the A-a gradient?

A

The measure of the difference in oxygen concertation between the alveoli and the artery. (Alveolar - arterial gradient)

26
Q

What does the A - a gradient determine?

A

whether there are any problems with how the lungs transfer oxygen to the blood and how severe the problems may be.

27
Q

What equation should be used to figure out the oxygenation and ventilation of a patient on room air?.

A

When a patient is on room air.

28
Q

What equation gets you the PA02 (partial pressure of O2 in alveoli) with a patient on room air?

A

= 150 - (1.2x pCO2)

29
Q

What equation gets you the A - a gradient once the PA02 has been established?

A

PAO2 - PaO2

30
Q

What is PaO2

A

Partial pressure of arterial oxygen

31
Q

What is PaCO2

A

Partial pressure of arterial CO2

32
Q

What is FiO2

A

Fraction inspired O2

33
Q

What is hypoxia

A

reduced oxygen to the tissues

34
Q

What is hypoxaemia?

A

reduced oxygen to the blood

35
Q

What equation should be used to figure out the oxygenation and ventilation of a patient on oxygen therapy?

A

PaO2: FiO2 ratio

Fio2 x 5 = PaO2
PaO2 / FiO2 as a decimal = result

36
Q

What is the PaO2 usually on a patient receiving oxygen therapy?

A

PaO2 is 5 times the FiO2

37
Q

For a patient on room air what is a normal reference range?

A

under 15

38
Q

For a patient on room air what is a mild reference range?

A

15-25

39
Q

For a patient on room air what is a moderate reference range?

A

25-35

40
Q

For a patient on room air what is a severe reference range?

A

over 35

41
Q

For a patient on oxygen therapy what is a normal reference range?

A

over 400 mmHg

42
Q

For a patient on oxygen therapy what range suggest a lung injury ?

A

`200-400 mmHg

43
Q

For a patient on oxygen therapy what suggests Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

under 200 mmHg

44
Q

What is an acid in relation to acid-base

A

A substance that can donate hydrogen H+

45
Q

What is an Acidaemia

A

A disorder that describes the actual pH of the blood being low.

46
Q

What is an alkalemia

A

A disorder that describes the actual pH of the blood being high

47
Q

What is an acidosis?

A

Refers to the PROCESS in the body that results in a decrease of blood pH (increase in acidity)

48
Q

What is an alkalosis?

A

Refers to the PROCESS in the body that results in an increase of blood pH (decrease in acidity)

49
Q

What is a Base?

A

a substance that can accept hydrogen ions

50
Q

What is Base Excess?

A

a measurement used to assess the metabolic contribution to an acidosis or alkalosis. A +ive result suggest a an excess of base(metabolic alkalosis) a -ive result suggests a deficit of base. (metabolic acidosis)

51
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A system that offers immediate cushioning (buffering) to a sudden change in pH

52
Q

What is Metabolic acid?

A

body acids that cant be be converted to gas

53
Q

What is an example of a metabolic acid found in the body

A

lactic acid
ketones
acetoacetic acid
glycolic acic

54
Q

What is pH

A

Determines the acid base status by measuring hydrogen ions

55
Q

What is a respiratory acid

A

Carbon dioxide

56
Q

What is the equation to figure out a bicarbonate deficit?

A

BWT (kg) x 0.3 x BE

57
Q

how much bicarbonate should be administered when treating a bicarbonate deficit? and how long should it be administered?

A

one quarter of the deficit over 5-10 mins

58
Q

Where is the most common place should you place an arterial catheter?

A

dorsal pedal artery

NCERT ECC IMPROVE INTERNATIONAL (8 decks)

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