Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2.3 > Medical act 2.3 > Flashcards

Medical act 2.3 Flashcards

1
Q

explain which oral meds to use for T2DM

A

metformin - reduces insulin resistance
repaglinide - increases insulin sensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

whats is insulin deficiency

A

decreased hormone secretion and insulin resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define Diabetes mellitus

A

deficiency of insulin secretion by beta cells in islets of langerhans or deficiency due to lack of response of cells to insulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

explain use of metformin

A

only in t2dm patients
used to lower blood glucose
reduces production of glucose
increases insulin severity in muscles 0 which helps absorb glucose better and lowers blood circulating glucose
disappearance of DM symptoms eg dry mouth, polyuria, thirst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

explain use of gliclazide

A

used for t2dm
- increases insulin release in pancreas - means more glucose uptake from blood - decrease in blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which form of insulin replacement is the rapid onset acting insulin? how long does it last?

A

injection in the abdomen, starts within 20mins, lasts for 2-8hrs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

where is the slow onset long acting insulin injected?

A

leg (lasts 24hrs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe meds for T1DM

A

insulin replacement (injections or pump device)
insulin fluid injected into the blood circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when should insulin dose should be adapted, under which circumstances?

A
  • infection + high fever
  • throwing up
  • operation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

explain hypoglycemia

A

too much insulin, too low blood glucose in blood (common in T1DM, due to heavy exertion, error in dosage, skipping a meal after taking insulin, throwing up)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when hypoglycemia is going for too long, what are the consequences?

A

neurological functioning affected (since NS uses fats and proteins for synthesis)

leads to poor conc, dizzy gait, slurred speech, lack of coordination

  • INCREASES SYMPATHETIC NS STIMULATION so
  • increased heart rate
  • pale moist skin
  • fear tremor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

treatment for hypoglycemia

A

immediate quick carb intake eg sweet juice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is diabetic ketoacidosis

A

insufficient insulin, too high blood glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Signs symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis

A
  • dehydration
  • deep rapid breathing
  • acetone breath
  • metabolic acidosis - loss of consciousness
  • electrolyte imbalance (abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, weakness)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis

A

supplement insulin, electrolytes, fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name which complications can happen in T1DM

A

hypoglycemia
diabetic ketoacidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

name which complications can happen in T2DM

A

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketonic coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

name symptoms of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketonic coma

A
  • hyperglycemia
  • dehydration
  • neurological deficits
  • muscle weakness
  • difficult speech
  • anormal reflex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

which complications is hard to diagnose

A

hyperosmolar hyperglycemic no ketonic coma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

explain microangiopathy

A

disease of small vessels
obstruction or tearing of capillaries or arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

explain macroangiopathy

A

affects large blood vessels
can lead to atherosclerosis - myocardial or heart attack
wounds
amputation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

whats ischemia

A

blood flow so oxygen restricted in a part of the body

23
Q

neuropathy symptoms

A

numbness; tingling; weakness; incontinence, diarrhea

24
Q

explain medical treatment step 1 - step 4

A

Step 1: metformin.

Step 2: metformin + sulfonylureumderivaat eg gliclazide

Step 3: add long acting insulin (intermediate, NPH insulin)

Step 4: intensify insulin treatment

25
Q

normal blood glucose values?

A

Target blood glucose values: fasting 4.5-8mmol/l; 2hrs postmeal: <9mmol/l

26
Q

non drug advice for T2DM

A

sufficient exercise, no smoking, lose weight, BMI <25, healthy diet

27
Q

where do you find baroreceptors (lecture on heart) and function of it?

A

in aorta wall and internal carotid artery; detects changes in blood pressure

28
Q

what happens when sympathetic NS is more active?

A

tachycardia, increase HR and contractility

29
Q

what happens when parasympathetic NS is more active?

A

bradycardia: decrease in heart rate

30
Q

stroke volume?

A
  • volume of blood pumped from one ventricle in one contraction
  • average: 70mL per contraction
31
Q

influencing factors of stroke volume?

A
  • stimulation sympathetic NS
  • blood volume
  • venous return
  • peripheral resistance
32
Q

systemic vasoconstriction is a response to what?

A

sympathetic stimulation - high

33
Q

systemic vasoconstriction is a response to what?

A

decrease in sympathetic stimulation (low)

34
Q

whats average stroke volume

A

70mL per contraction

35
Q

whats cardiac output and norm values?

A

amount of blood pumped through each ventricle each minute
5000L per min

36
Q

whats is blood pressure? systolic and diastolic?

A
  • pressure of blood against arterial walls
  • Systolic pressure: pressure of blood at the time of ejection from left ventricle
  • Diastolic pressure: pressure of blood when the ventricles are relaxed
  • Normal : 120 / 80 mmHg at rest
37
Q

describe which hormones are stimulated that lead to vasoconstriction

A

adrenaline + noradrenaline (SNS activated)
antidiuretic
angiotensin

38
Q

what happens to CO and PR with high Blood Pressure ?

A

high PR, no change in CO

39
Q

ar asthma and COPD restrictive or obstructive?

A

obstructive

40
Q

Function of ACTH? Adrenocorticotropic hormone.

A

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol.

41
Q

Function fo ADH, vasopressin?

A

increase reabsorption of water by kidneys

42
Q

Function of insulin?

A

lowers blood glucose levels, transports glucose into cells

43
Q

whats an endocrine disorder?

A

Either deficiency or too much hormones

44
Q

pathophysiology of depression?

A

disorganized emotions; decrease activity of excitatory neurotransmitters in brain (NE, serotonin)

45
Q

symptoms of depression

A
  • prolonoged period of sadness
  • lack of empathy
  • cant find pleasure in doing anything
  • loss of selfesteem
  • lack of energy
  • decreased appetite
  • low libido
  • thoughts about suicide, death
  • conc. problems
  • sleep disorders - insomnia, hypersomnia
  • hopelessness
46
Q

3 stages of stress

A

GAS: general adaptation syndrome

alarm stage: ++ of SNS, adrenal glands, hypothalamus
resistance stage
exhaustion stage

47
Q

is lung cancer restrictive or obstructive pulmonary disease?

A

restrictive

48
Q

rule out heart failure using these 4 subdomains

A
  1. CCQ complaints and limitations + dyspnea MRC
  2. FEV1 airway obstruction
  3. Frequency of exacerbations - lung attacks
  4. nutritional status - weight, BMI
49
Q

explain vital lung capcity

A

IRC + ERC = so max amount of air you can exhale after maximal inhalation

50
Q

whats is FVC

A

forced vital capacity = total amount of air exhaled during FEV test (spirometry test)

51
Q

normal ratio between FEV1/ FVC?

A

70%. 0.75-0.8

52
Q

difference between FEV1 and FVC

A

The FEV1 measures how much air you can exhale in one second. The FVC measures the total amount of air you can exhale forcefully in one breath.

53
Q

what happens to RV with obstructive disorders?

A

much higher RV bc more air left in lungs after max exhalation

54
Q

explain respiratory acidosis

A

lower respiratory rate means less CO2 is eliminated which means higher conc of H+ leading to acidosis

2.3 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions