Medical Flashcards
A conscious but confused patient presents with left-side hemiparesis; facial droop; dysarthria; and a dilated, nonreactive right pupil. Which of the following conditions do you suspect?
A) Left-sided ischemic stroke
B) Left-sided hemorrhagic stroke
C) Right-sided ischemic stroke
D) Right-sided hemorrhagic stroke
Answer: C
The right side of the brain controls the left side of the body and vice versa; therefore, this patient has experienced an ischemic stroke to the right side of the brain. Ischemic strokes typically present with confusion; unilateral weakness (hemiparesis); a facial droop; and dysarthria (slurred or poorly articulated speech). The pupil is affected on the same side as the stroke because of the crossover of optic nerves at the level of the midbrain. A hemorrhagic stroke typically presents with a sudden, severe headache; a rapid loss of consciousness; and signs of increased intracranial pressure (hypertension, bradycardia, and respiratory abnormalities).
When forming the general impression of a medical patient, which of the following would MOST likely indicate an altered mental status?
A) The patient’s speech pattern is altered
B) The patient rudely tells you to leave
C) You note the patient is quietly crying
D) The patient is hypervigilant of your presence
Answer: A
The general impression is a quick formulation of the patient’s condition immediately on setting your eyes on the patient. One part of the general impression is to assess the patient’s mental status. Patients with garbled or altered speech patterns should be assumed to have an altered mental status, which clearly requires more investigation. Of course, before you can establish whether or not a patient’s mental status is truly altered, you must ascertain his or her baseline mental status.
A 50-year-old man was found unresponsive in his garden. Your assessment reveals miosis, hypersalivation, and fine muscle tremors to the face. Which of the following should you be MOST suspicious for?
A) seizure
B) Pesticide exposure
C) An opiate overdose
D) A hemorrhagic stroke
Answer: B
Pesticides contain organophosphates and carbamates and can significantly increase parasympathetic tone, resulting in severe bradycardia and hypotension. The mnemonics SLUDGEM and DUMBELS can be used to help remember the clinical manifestations of organophosphate/carbamate poisoning. SLUDGEM stands for salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, gastrointestinal distress, emesis, and miosis (pupillary constriction). DUMBELS stands for defecation, urination, miosis, bradycardia/bronchorrhea, emesis, lacrimation, and salivation. Other findings may include fine muscle tremors (fasciculations) and coma.
You are called to a residence for a 39-year-old woman, who, according to her husband, is “not acting right.” She is confused, is experiencing hallucinations, and is repetitively smacking her lips. Which of the following should you suspect?
A) Focal motor seizure
B) Simple partial seizure
C) Complex partial seizure
D) Generalized motor seizure
Answer: C
Seizures are classified as being generalized or partial. Your patient’s presentation is consistent with a complex partial seizure. Partial seizures affect a limited part of the brain and are further divided into simple partial and complex partial. Simple partial seizures involve movement (frontal lobe) or sensations (parietal lobe) to one part of the body. A focal motor seizure is a simple partial seizure with localized motor activity. There may be spasm or clonus (jerking) of one muscle or muscle group, which may remain localized or may spread to adjacent muscles (Jacksonian march). Complex partial seizures involve changes in level of consciousness. The patient can become confused, lose alertness, experience hallucinations, or may be unable to speak. Automatisms, such as lip smacking, chewing, swallowing, may occur with complex partial seizures. Generalized seizures affect the entire brain. Tonic/clonic seizures (full body jerking movements), absence seizures (freezing or staring), and pseudoseizures (tonic/clonic, but caused by a psychiatric mechanism) are examples of generalized seizures.
Which of the following hematologic abnormalities would MOST likely be present in a patient with atraumatic gastrointestinal bleeding and signs of shock?
A) Decreased hematocrit
B) Increased hematocrit
C) Decreased plasma level
D) Increased hemoglobin level
Answer: A
The hematocrit, which is the ratio of red blood cells to plasma, decreases in cases of severe internal or external bleeding because there is a greater ratio of plasma to red blood cells. In cases where plasma is lost, such as with burns, the hematocrit value increases because there is a greater ratio of red blood cells to plasma. The hemoglobin level falls in patients with internal or external bleeding, resulting in decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
Which of the following is an important aspect in the management of a patient with a suspected acute ischemic stroke?
A) Fibrinolytic therapy must be administered within 3 hours
B) Prophylactic hyperventilation significantly decreases mortality
C) Most patients with ischemic stroke require advanced airway management
D) Infusions of a solution containing dextrose enhance neurologic recovery
Answer: A
Fibrinolytic (clot-buster) medications have clearly been shown to reduce the neurologic injury caused by acute ischemic stroke. However, they must be administered within 3 hours after the onset of the patient’s symptoms to be of maximal benefit. Prophylactic hyperventilation is not recommended for any patient with a stroke unless there are signs of brain herniation (unresponsive, decerebrate posturing, asymmetric or fully dilated [blown] pupils). Solutions that contain dextrose should be avoided in patients with any type of neurologic injury; they may exacerbate intracerebral bleeding, if present, and have been associated with poor neurologic outcomes. If you start an intravenous line, use normal saline and set the flow rate to keep the vein open.
You are called to treat a 49-year-old man with a headache and visual disturbances that have progressively worsened over the past 3 months. Which of the following conditions is this MOST consistent with?
A) Cerebral neoplasm
B) Epidural hematoma
C) Bacterial meningitis
D) Subdural hemorrhage
Answer: A
The patient’s history is consistent with a space-occupying intracranial lesion, such as a neoplasm (tumor or growth), which typically presents with a headache, visual disturbances, and other symptoms that progressively worsen over a period of several months. In some cases, a new onset of seizures is the only indicator of a brain tumor. Subdural hemorrhages commonly present with symptoms within 12 to 24 hours after head trauma. An epidural hematoma presents with symptoms immediately after a head injury, and the patient’s condition rapidly deteriorates. Patients with bacterial meningitis also experience a rapid progression of symptoms.
You are called to the local high school for a 16-year-old girl who has ingested an unknown quantity of pills. When you arrive, you find that she is conscious and alert, but crying. Which of the following questions is the MOST important to ask her initially?
A) How much do you weigh?
B) What kind of pills did you take?
C) How long ago did you take the pills?
D) Do you have any psychiatric problems?
Answer: B
When treating a patient who has ingested anything, you should immediately attempt to identify what was ingested. After you have identified the substance ingested, you should then determine when the ingestion occurred. The answers to these two questions will enable you to formulate a treatment plan, which may include a specific antidote. It is important to inquire about the patient’s weight for the purposes of giving activated charcoal, if indicated, and any antidotes that may be given at the hospital. Inquiring about a history of psychiatric problems is of least pertinence during the primary assessment and treatment phase.
The life-threatening effects of anaphylactic shock include:
A) vasodilation and damage to the vasculature.
B) vasoconstriction and decreased peripheral resistance.
C) bronchodilation and increased pulmonary perfusion.
D) bronchoconstriction and decreased systemic resistance.
Answer: D
The life-threatening effects of anaphylactic shock are bronchoconstriction, which impairs ventilation, and decreased systemic vascular resistance (vasodilation), which results in hypotension. These negative effects are caused by the massive release of histamines and leukotrienes from the immune system.
Which of the following hormones stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium?
A) Somatostatin
B) Antidiuretic hormone
C) Aldosterone
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Answer: C
If the body experiences a drop in blood pressure or volume, a decrease in sodium levels, or an increase in potassium levels, the adrenal cortex is stimulated to secrete aldosterone (a mineralocorticoid). Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium from the urine and excrete potassium by altering the osmotic gradient in the blood. When sodium is reabsorbed into the blood, water follows; this action increases both blood volume and pressure. Somotostatin is a hormone secreted by the delta cells of the pancreas; it inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which is released by the pituitary gland, regulates water balance in the body. If a person is dehydrated, ADH secretion increases, which stimulates the renal tubules to reabsorb sodium and water and inhibits diuresis. If a person is overhydrated, ADH secretion decreases, thereby facilitating diuresis. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is secreted by the pituitary gland; it stimulates the adrenal cortex to manufacture and secrete cortisol.
Which of the following patients is at highest risk for suicide?
A) woman who has not slept for 72 hours
B) A man who owns multiple guns and knives
C) A woman whose aunt committed suicide
D) A man whose depression suddenly resolves
Answer: D
People who have recently experienced a major negative life change, such as financial hardship, loss of a loved one or a job, and those who are having marital problems, are at an increased risk for suicide. Such events are often accompanied by severe depression, the single most significant risk factor for suicide. By nature, depression does not “suddenly resolve,” although it may seem to in patients who may actually feel relieved that they have developed a plan to end their own life.
A 43-year-old woman was stung by a scorpion. Within 10 minutes, she developed a diffuse rash and facial swelling. She is now semiconscious, has labored breathing, and has a blood pressure of 80/56 mm Hg. After ensuring a patent airway and adequate ventilation and oxygenation, the AEMT should administer:
A) a 250 mL fluid bolus.
B) an inhaled bronchodilator.
C) epinephrine 1:1,000 intramuscularly.
D) epinephrine 1:10,000 subcutaneously.
Answer: C
The patient is showing clear signs of anaphylactic shock. After ensuring a patent airway and adequate ventilation and oxygenation, the AEMT should administer epinephrine. Epinephrine constricts the vasculature, which will improve her blood pressure, and dilates the bronchioles, which will improve her breathing. Via the auto-injector, the dose is 0.3 mg of a 1:1,000 solution intramuscularly. If you carry epinephrine on your ambulance, the dose, concentration, and route are the same. Epinephrine via the subcutaneous route would be rather ineffective for patients in shock because peripheral perfusion is poor. Furthermore, epinephrine 1:10,000 is administered intravenously, not subcutaneously. If the patient remains hypotensive despite epinephrine, IV fluid boluses (20 mL/kg) should be given. Inhaled bronchodilators (albuterol [Proventil, Ventolin] and metaproterenol [Alupent]) may be used as an adjunct to epinephrine to treat residual wheezing, but only after adequate perfusion is restored.
Which of the following patients is LEAST prone to hypothermia?
A) 21-year-old man in hypovolemic shock
B) 49-year-old man with hyperglycemia
C) 50-year-old man with alcohol intoxication
D) 68-year-old man with a recent infection
Answer: B
Patients with hyperglycemia have excessive amounts of glucose in their bloodstream; of the choices listed, these patients are the least prone to hypothermia. Elderly patients have decreased thermoregulatory function, patients with infections have suppressed immune systems, alcohol is a CNS depressant and impairs thermogenesis (heat production), and patients in shock are less able to maintain body temperature because of a lack of ATP (energy).
As you are managing a violent patient, you determine that physical restraint is necessary. When restraining a violent patient, you should be MOST concerned with:
A) the prevention of positional asphyxi
B) restraining the patient in a supine position.
C) ensuring that at least two AEMTs participate.
D) not speaking to the patient during the process.
Answer: A
The use of reasonable force definitely applies when physically restraining a violent patient. If physical restraint is necessary, use at least four personnel (one per extremity) and restrain the patient in a supine position. Continue to talk to the patient throughout the restraint process, even if he or she is not listening to you, and monitor his or her airway. If the patient is inappropriately restrained (a prone position), airway compromise and death may occur (positional asphyxia).
Which of the following medications is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant?
A) Codeine
B) Enafranil
C) Fluoxetine
D) Propoxyphene
Answer: B
Clomipramine (Enafranil) is classified as a tricyclic antidepressant. Other examples of tricyclics include amitriptyline (Elavil) and nortriptyline (Pamelor). Codeine is a narcotic analgesic, as is propoxyphene (Darvon). Fluoxetine (Prozac) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which is also used for depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder.
You arrive at a local community center, where you find a 55-year-old woman lying on the ground experiencing a generalized motor seizure. Your MOST immediate action should be to:
A) prevent her head from striking the ground.
B) insert a bite block in between her molars.
C) administer oxygen or assist her ventilations.
D) check her blood sugar to rule out hypoglycemia.
Answer: A
Immediate treatment for a patient who is actively seizing involves protecting him or her from injury. If the patient is lying on the ground, place a soft object under his or her head to prevent it from striking the ground. You should also move any furniture away from the patient. After preventing further injury, assess the patient’s airway and ensure adequate ventilation and oxygenation. The patient may be hypoglycemic and you should rule this out by assessing her blood sugar level. Never place anything inside the mouth of a seizing patient.
Prehospital care for a patient with a core body temperature of 88° F who is breathing and has a slow pulse includes:
A) passive rewarming.
B) active internal rewarming.
C) sedation to suppress shivering.
D) applying the AED pads.
Answer: A
Patients with moderate to severe hypothermia should be passively rewarmed in the prehospital setting. Passive rewarming involves removing wet clothing, applying warm blankets, and allowing the patient’s body temperature to rise gradually and naturally. Active internal rewarming (administering warm intravenous fluids) in the field is dangerous and should generally be avoided unless otherwise directed by medical control. Active internal rewarming may cause rewarming shock, a condition in which hypotension occurs because of massive vasodilation. Do not suppress the patient’s shivering response; this is one of the body’s mechanisms for producing heat (thermogenesis). Apply the AED pads if the patient is in cardiac arrest.
A 40-year-old woman with a history of migraine headaches presents with a severe headache that has persisted for the last 12 hours. You should recall that this type of headache is the result of:
A) vasculitis.
B) muscle spasm.
C) intracranial bleeding.
D) hypertensive crisis.
Answer: A
Migraine headaches are vascular in nature and are caused by vasculitis (dilation of the blood vessels), which results in large amounts of blood accumulation in the brain. Cluster headaches are less understood, but are also believed to be the result of cerebral vasodilation; they are less common than migraine headaches.
A 38-year-old female overdosed on an unknown type of drug. Her skin is hot and flushed, her breathing is rapid and deep, and she has an acetone odor on her breath. Her BP is 98/64 mm Hg and her heart rate is 120 beats/min. Which of the following drugs would MOST likely explain her clinical presentation?
A) Heroin
B) Aspirin
C) Alcohol
D) Cocaine
Answer: B
Of the drugs listed, aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid [ASA]) overdose would be the most likely cause of the patient’s clinical presentation. Aspirin toxicity causes significant metabolic acidosis; the respiratory buffer system responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing, resulting in a compensatory respiratory alkalosis. Hyperthermia (as evidenced by hot, flushed skin) is often associated with aspirin toxicity. Although an acetone breath odor is classically associated with hyperglycemic ketoacidosis, methyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, and aspirin toxicity can also cause an acetone breath odor. Heroin overdose is clearly unlikely. Heroin is a narcotic CNS depressant; overdose would result in slow, shallow breathing; hypotension, and bradycardia. Alcohol is also a CNS depressant; although the intoxicated patient can present with a breath odor that could be mistaken for ketoacidosis, severe toxicity causes respiratory depression. An overdose of cocaine, a sympathomimetic drug, can also cause hyperthermia; however, you would expect the patient to be significantly hypertensive and tachycardic.
Prehospital treatment for a patient with a suspected brown recluse spider bite includes:
A) administering an antivenin.
B) applying ice to the wound.
C) applying an arterial constricting band.
D) providing supportive care and transport.
Answer: D
Unless the patient is in anaphylactic shock, treatment for a brown recluse spider bite is essentially supportive; monitor the patient’s ABCs, make him or her comfortable, and transport to the hospital. There is no antivenin for this type of bite. Placing ice on the site may increase the toxicity of the venom and should be avoided. Furthermore, an arterial constricting band is not indicated.
You are dispatched to a residence for a patient with difficulty breathing. The patient is a 30-year-old man who appears emaciated. He is diaphoretic and states that he has been running a fever for the past 10 days. You note the appearance of purple blotches on his trunk. You should be MOST suspicious that this patient has:
A) hepatitis.
B) HIV/AIDS.
C) pneumonia.
D) tuberculosis.
Answer: B
Signs and symptoms of AIDS include weight loss, which gives the patient an emaciated appearance; persistent fever; night sweats; fatigue; and purple blotches on the skin, which are malignant lesions called Kaposi sarcoma. AIDS causes severe immune system compromise, which predisposes the patient to opportunistic infections, including hepatitis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.
Which of the following clinical presentations is consistent with significant insecticide exposure?
A) Pupillary dilation
B) Excessive salivation
C) Extreme hyperactivity
D) Acute urinary retention
Answer: B
Organophosphates, such as what is found in pesticides/insecticides and chemical nerve agents (VX, sarin, tabun, soman), deactivate acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that regulates the degradation of acetylcholine (ACh). ACh is the chemical neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system. Without AChE, there is nothing to regulate ACh degradation; this would cause cardiovascular collapse secondary to massive parasympathetic stimulation. The clinical presentation of severe organophosphate toxicity can be recalled using the mnemonic DUMBELS, which stands for defecation, urination, miosis (pupillary constriction), bronchorrhea and bradycardia, emesis, lacrimation, and salivation. Treatment includes atropine sulfate, which blocks the effects of ACh, and pralidoxime chloride (2-PAM, Protopam), which reactivates AChE. A commercial auto-injector (DuoDote) is available; it contains both pralidoxime and atropine.
Which of the following findings is more indicative of encephalitis than meningitis?
A) Vomiting
B) Headache
C) Pupil changes
D) Nuchal rigidity
Answer: C
Encephalitis is an infection localized to the brain. Because the cranial nerves are commonly affected, pupillary changes are sometimes seen. Meningitis is an infection that affects both the meninges of the brain and the spinal cord. Vomiting and a headache are common to both meningitis and encephalitis, whereas nuchal rigidity (stiff, painful neck) is more common with meningitis.
Which of the following clinical signs indicates central nervous system depression secondary to an opiate (narcotic) overdose?
A) Ptosis
B) Miosis
C) Diplopia
D) Mydriasis
Answer: B
Miosis (pupillary constriction) is a classic finding in patients who have overdosed on an opiate (narcotic) drug. Ptosis, drooping of the eyelids, can be caused by such conditions as damage to the oculomotor nerve (third cranial nerve) or brain tumors. Possible causes of diplopia (double vision) include brain trauma, stroke, migraine headaches, and increased intracranial pressure. Mydriasis (pupillary dilation) is also associated with central nervous system depressant drug overdose, but is usually caused by barbiturates, not opiates. Other possible causes of mydriasis include cerebral hypoxia, atropine eye drops administered by an optometrist, and fright.