Media Theorists

Question 1

Barthes

Answer 1

Narrative Codes:

Enigma Code
Action Code
Symbolic Code
Semantic Code
Cultural Code

Question 2

Todorov

Answer 2

Narrative Cycle:

Equilibrium
Disruption
Realisation
Repair
New Equilibrium

Question 3

Steve Neale

Answer 3

Genre Theory:
Instances of Similarities and Differences
Genre is made up of typical conventions (similarity)
Elements that stand out from that genre (differences)

Question 4

Levi Stauss

Answer 4

Binary Opposites:

Two things that are completely opposite

Question 5

Baudrillard

Answer 5

Post Modernism:

Reality Vs Heightened reality
Orange=Reality
Orange Juice=Heightened Reality
Fanta=Simulacra (Trying to imitate reality)
Chocolate Orange=Hyper Reality (almost indistinguishable)

Question 6

Hesmond Halgh

Answer 6

Maximising Profit Minimising Risk:
eg.
Vertical And Horizontal Integration
Controlled Release Schedule

Question 7

Stuart Hall Reception

Answer 7

Media Products are encoded
Producers want a certain message to go out
Readings:
Preferred-Audience agrees
Negotiated-Audience partly agrees
Oppositional-Audience disagrees

Question 8

Stuart Hall Representation

Answer 8

Using Stereotypes to represent people

Question 9

David Gauntlet

Answer 9

Identity Theory:
Audiences use elements of media to build their own personality and image
Older products use simpler representations
New products use more complex representations

Question 10

George Gerbner

Answer 10

Media tends to repeat representations of people and these effects build up over time

Question 11

Paul Gilroy

Answer 11

Post Colonialism:
Colonialism has had effects on media to this day
Ethnic Minorities are often shown as powerless, weak, dehumanised and ‘other’
Western people are shown as more powerful, successful and important

Question 12

Dyson

Answer 12

Race
Accidental: People that dont see themselves as any different just happen to be black
Incidental: People such as Willsmith who embrace blackness but dont exhaust it
Intentional: People such as Malcom X who are very outgoing about being black

Dependant on situation black people are able to switch between these

Question 13

bell hooks

Answer 13

Struggle to end patriarchy (society ran by men)
Believes Feminism isnt just a lifestyle choice but its something you need to be active in eg. protest
Not all women are discriminated in same way or extent

Question 14

Livingstone and Lunt

Answer 14

Regulation Theory:
They believe regulation of media is difficult.
-Regulators have to try and balance protecting people and offering them choice
-Downloading, Streaming, Piracy, Youtube means people can bypass regulation.
-The internet is so big it makes it almost impossible to control.
-Powerful companies can avoid regulations.

Question 15

Galtung and Ruge

Answer 15

News Values:
How we can tell which stories will be prioritised in the news:
-Negative Elements
-Proximity
-Recency
-Currency
-Continuity
-Uniqueness
-Audiences
-Personal Interest
-Expectedness
-Elite People/Celebrities
-Exclusive
-Size
-

Question 16

Clay Shirky

Answer 16

We are now more likely to use the Internet and other technologies to respond to texts, including creating our own.

Question 17

Henry Jenkins

Answer 17

Fandom Theory:
The Internet has allowed fans to gather and create their own texts and easily share their work. Instead of just consuming the texts, audiences are creating them.

Question 18

Lisbet Van zoonen

Answer 18

Gender Theory:
-Believes we get our ideas about gender from the media.
-Believes that our ideas about gender change dependent on historical and cultural context.
-Believes women are objectified in media
-Believes this is why we live in a patriarchal society
-Believes women are often presented by emotional.
-Believes men’s bodies are presented as ‘spectacle’.

Question 19

Galtung and Rouge News Values

Answer 19

Features in news that add value to a story.

-Negative News
-Proximity (How close event is to reader)
-Recency
-Currency (If a story has been going on for a long time eg. Madelline McCan
-Continuity (If the story will be able to be extended over next few weeks)
-Uniqueness
-Simplicity
-Personal/Human Interest eg. personal interviews
-Expectedness eg. Weather
-Elite People
-Exclusivity
-Size (How many people did the story affect)

Question 20

Livingstone and Lunt

Answer 20

Media Regulation

-Regulation in media is hard
-Often to do with protecting audience from harm
-Regulators have to try and balance protecting people with offering them choice
-Technology has made it hard
-Downloading, Streaming, Piracy, YouTube means people can bypass regulation
-Vast nature of internet makes it impossible to control
-Powerful companies can avoid regulations

Question 21

Albert Bandura

Answer 21

Media effects theory:
Bobo Doll
Believed that children would copy what they saw.
Media products we consume affect our behavior.

Flaws:
-Children were perhaps trying to please researchers
-Dolls aren’t people
-

Question 22

Blumler and Katz

Answer 22

Uses and gratifications theory:
-To entertain
-To escape
-To educate/inform
-Social interaction
-To relate/identify

Question 23

Curran and Seaton

Answer 23

Believe that majority of film companies are part of conglomerates
Believe that these conglomerates only strive to make profit and power.

Question 24

Judith Butler

Answer 24

Gender Performativity Theory:
Gender is a social construct
Performing certain activities can make you feel more masculine or feminine
Gender is rituals that you personally experience that form your views on gender