media rep of gender,sexuality,disability ethnicity,class,age

Question 1

how do media represent social class
neo marxism

Answer 1

celebrate hierarchy n wealth
those who benefit - monarchy, upper class n rich get positive press as celebrities = deservin position
-hardly critical of them or draw serious attention to inequalities in wealth

-upper class think films n tv show their class as eccentric or nostalgic way

Question 2

how do they represent monarchy

nairn

Answer 2

• monarchy converted much of modern mass media , rare criticism
• reinvented as royal family stood for national values
• national obsession with royal family= positive light
• queen as ultimate symbol of nation
• royal events as national events to be celebrated

Question 3

how is wealth represented

wealth

Answer 3

focus on postively on lifestyles of wealth

• focus too much on consumer items that only rich can afford
• international news n trade reports impact on business world n investors - not on ordinary working people
• pluralist view rep of rich are justified:
  1. media view uk as meritocracy n show wealthy as representative of idea - talented people rewarded
  2. stories motivate people to work hard to be rewarded = benefits economy
  3. focus on finance,stocks n shares reflect importance of sectors for economy

Question 4

how is middle class represented?

Answer 4

—MC overrepresented on tv, dramas = predominant
concerned about manners, decency, respectability
—brit newspapers n magazines aimed at MC n consumption = tastes n interests in material goods who can afford it
—content of news suggest journalist believe MC anxious of decline of moral standards = threatened by alien influences
—most creative personnel are MC = dominant positions of authority, experts

Question 5

how is workin class represented
Jones
curran n seaton
heider

Answer 5

• –few comedy,dama,films focusing on lives of WC
• —Jones = WC media coverage show MC assault on WC values, institutions n communities
• –MC journalists ‘liberal bigotry’ - assume all WC feckless, promiscious, foul racist who hate ethnic minority, multiculturalism, refuees
• –Curran n seaton = news aimed at WC assume they uninterested in serious analysis of political/social or of uk
• –political debate reduced to simple conflict
• –daily star assume they want to read of gossip, lifestyle, sport
• –show their crimes n industrial unrest = narrow

—marxists see media try to distract wc audience from inequalities of capitalism

-Heider = class visibility or invisibility; journalists either choose to cover or not to
cover stories depending if a group will be interested . e.g  poor victim of crime =story not given same attention if it be someone rich/influence

Question 6

how is working class presented

Answer 6

—Ghettoisation - WC in media, restricted to narrow rangeof appearances or situations.
association with crime & industrial unrest. Middle-class
representations tend to be broader,
involving a wider range of representations
across professional employment, taking in
work, sport and cultural assoc

Question 7

how is poverty n underclass represented

cohen

hayward n yar

lawler

Answer 7

• –coverage of media is marginal, causes n consequences of poverty rarely explored
• – Cohen; journalists, artist, bad at realistically reportin/ dramatizing poor problems
• –some intentionaly show poor as parasitic scrounger = reinforce poor as own depravity n weakness
• –Hayward n yar = label ‘chav’ used by news n web as familiar n abuse term for young poor people
• –Lawler = use discriminatory offensive lan to socially stigmatise what they show as peasant, underclass with stereotypical looks e.g tracksuit, idleness, anti social behaviour, criminality, drug

Question 8

how is age represented

Answer 8

• –rep diff groups of people based on age n generalise n categorise people w stereotypes
• –encourage audiences to assume rep can be applied to all in age groups

–functionalist = rep part of socialisation equip young with values n norms = instilled shared culture,
engage in boundary mainenance = social control part of socialisation - social rules of behaviour
how certain behaviour is disapproved by others n punished
—media help control behaviour of young socially = safeguarding conformity n social stability

Question 9

how is childhood represented

heintz- knowles

evans & chandler

Answer 9

content analysis of media products - 6 stereotypes

1. cute ( in tv commercial for baby products)
2. little devils (drama n comedy)
3. brilliant (help save adult)
4. brave little angels (suffer disease/disability)
5. accessories (stories of celebrities’ children humanise them)
6. modern (how children know more at their age than previous gens)

—Heintz-knowles = usa tv- children portrayed as motivated by peer relationships, sports n romance
& least y community/school/religious
& rarely shown w societal issues like racism/ abuse
—-positive rep n in pro-social actions like helping others
—-other rep children in anti social behaviour, bulling

• Evans & Chandler = child socialised to be active consumers for toys n games
• —pester power = child to pressurise parents into buying products to increase child status in eyes of peers

Question 10

representation of youth

wayne

Answer 10

— media aimed to socially construct youth with lifestyle n identity e.g music, magazine, to shape tastes & social medias project identities globally
— seen as social problem, immoral n anti-authority = part of moral panic
concern of behaviour n deviant subcultures

• –Wayne = threat to society, news rarely feature youth’s view/opinion
• – only 1 dimensional picture n encourages fear/condemnation than understanding
• –focus on youth being suspect or victims of crime
• –distract real problems e.g homeless, unemployment, mental health

Question 11

representation of old age

newman

Answer 11

—upper class n mc elderly people portrayed as occupying high status roles like judge, leadersm expert

• –gender; female tv star given inferior roles as they reach 40 ears while male actors continue play leading role
• —elderly women shown as passive, isolated, poor
• —old men seem to show authority to be on news broadcasting - often with young females but no old women newsreaders - exiled to radio

Question 12

representation of ageing n elderly

Answer 12

• –devalued in media = more focus on youth n beauty
• –Age charity; media are ageist = negative stereotypes:
  1. grumpy - complain modern world n young people
  2. mentally challenged - forgetful n suffering, decline of mental functions
  3. burden - economic burden on society n physical/social burden on younger people
• -media realise they have grey pound = economic power to buy consumer goods
• –show them active, alert, successful, content= positive stereotype unrealistic = not reflect wide range of experiences people have (poverty,loss status, grief)

Question 13

what does buckingham say about children n media

Answer 13

• –children aware of functions of advertising n sceptical about it (persuade to buy, make it look good)
• –children pestered parents - done with realization they would not get them - not seriously ask for things they wouldn’t get
• –at xmas they used adverts to help them know what they wanted for a list
• –saw other people influenced by adverts = children younger than them
• –children critical cynical about free gifts n quality of adverts = apply own interpretation
• –could read intentions of advertisers
• –before buy toy = saw on tv n tested those their friends bought
• –comparing prices of similar goods in diff shops

Question 14

what is age - media effects

hebdige

Answer 14

—understand youth subcultures - take into account how media structure way society sees by youth
— Neo marxism = media role to absorb youth subcultures into mainstream society
—not allow youth to resist capitalist society- system try to neutralize them by incorporating them
—commodity form of incorporation = (dress/music) youth cultural signs converted into mass produced objects n sold on high street
= lose threatening n oppositional meanings
—leisuretime only style

Question 15

how does media represent ethnic minority groups

dijk

Answer 15

• –journalists demonised black young people as threat to law abiding white society
• -stereotype that ethnic minority threat = moral panics
  1. immigrants 0 lots of threat, impact housing/jobs
  2. refugees n asylum seekers - abuse welfare state, use negative language - harass them
  3. muslims - enemy, demonised n distorted by media as threat to security of uk

Question 16

how does media represent ethnic minority groups

moore

Answer 16

muslims as violent cruel, misogynistic
—stories on terrorism,mslim community, forced marriages, hijab
—rare stories of muslim attacks and islamophobia
4 negative ideological messages of islam:
1. islam is dangerous, irrational
2. multiculturalism allow muslim extremist to spread messages in uk
3. clash between west - democratic, tolerant, equality and muslim world - oppressive, intoleran
4. threat to british way of life e.g muslims wanted to replace british law wihth sharia law = islamic legal system from religious

Question 17

how is ethnic minority represented

mailk

Answer 17

—black people less seen in drama, big roles, films, news
—asians marked by absence on BBC only 1%
—-racialized regime of representation = black experience is diff n changes relating to audience
in contrast whiteness as norm in media
— white people have no race to rep n black people racialized

Question 18

how is ethnic minority represented in media

cottle

Answer 18

• –representation appeal to myths, narratives in audience; ones that challenge racist stereotyping
• –rep of race n ethnicity on tv n news cant be counted = but understood as signs to be read in many ways
• –ethnic minorities seen a multiculturalist by superficial focus on festivals, success story n culture = reinforces views of ethnic minorities as ‘other’ n give ideas of disadvantage n inequality

Question 19

how is ethnic minority represented

gillespie

Answer 19

• –tv n video used to recreate culture of south asians in uk n cause cultural change
• –youth used tv n video to redefine ethnicity = they compare contrast criticie cultures (parents) = dream of american lifestyle from ads

Question 20

theoretical views of representation ethnic minority

pluralist
neo marxist
marxist

Answer 20

1. pluralist = see media as window to world = reflect n report social world in objective way
   - –media content shaped by market n control by public
   - –black people as criminals n muslims threat show real fears of white readers
   - —news act in interest of readers n demand powerful group to take action to control ethnic minority
2. marixt = media ideological apparatus to divide n rule, distract attention from inequality
   - –minority ethnic subejct to moral panics to criminalise them n present as devils threaten stability = more official spending on social control
3. hegemonic marxist = most owners,editors,journalists white n have consensus view about how society should be = share with white audience
   - —consensus way= not risk alienating white audience by focusing on minority cultures or interests = get more audience n profits
   - –white experts n sources top of hierarchy of credibility =journalists go to policegov for info on crime/radicalisation/immigration

Question 21

how does media represent femininity
tunstall

mulvey
kilbourne

Answer 21

symbolic annihilation == women achievement not often reported/ condemned n trivialised

• –when women shown its narrow n limited range of roles n less important achievements
• –biased = rep women as busy housewives,mothers n sex objects, ignore women go to work

—Mulvey: male gaze= women appearance importance n reduced them to sexual commodities to consume

—Kilbourne= media present women as mannequins, tall, thin, sie 0 - use to advertise cosmetics, health, o improve appearance for benefit of male gaze

Question 22

how does media represent femininity
bates

salinas

martinson

Answer 22

—Bates; music guilty of sexually objectifying women in lyrics n videos

• –Salinas; journalists pass negative comment on way women dress,weight,looks n sexual,famil7 lives
  e. g sturgeon - used to reading derogatory things, politics

—Martinson; few media stories of women’s abilities or expertise. Most experts men

Question 23

femininity media
packer

orbach

Answer 23

—packer; olympics 5% news articles to womens sports = sexualise, devalue women sporting accomplishment
women in sports seen as ‘girls’

• Orbach; media think slimness = success, health, happiness n popular.
• –media encourage young girls n women to be unhappy with bodies = potential eating disorder

Question 24

femininity media
gauntlett

plant

Answer 24

• –Gauntlett; magazines for young women emphasis women must do own thing n be themselves = women can be tough n independent while maintain makeup n shoes
• –men magazine reassert old fashioned masculine values against feminism

–plant = new media empower women. Internet is feminine technology to destabilise patriarchy = allow women to explore n subvert new identities

–but new media experience sexist rep e.g feminist campaigners get rape n murder threats from online

Question 25

media representation of masculinity children now mcnamara

Answer 25

- --children now ask boys of their view of male characters in media n found dominance of males - -- males violent - --leaders n problem solvers - --funny,confident,successful,athlete - --rarely cry or shoe vulnerability - --shown in workplace not homes - --Mcnamara; fail to show reality of masculine life - --80% of media rep of men negative= shown as violent n aggressive criminals, deviants - --men n boys show irresponsible risk takers, incapable of telling feelings or controlling anger - --20% media rep masculinity on metrosexual male= those take care of looks - consume toiletries, fashions n unafraid to show emotional vulnerability

Question 26

theoretical views of media representation of gender | feminist

Answer 26

- --Liberal feminists =media rep slow to change in response to women achievements = cultural lag due to women rarely get high positions in media org e. g only few female editors of newspapers -Marxist fem = media make profits to promote false needs of beauty,size,shape to attract revenue from cosmetics/diet/exercise/fashion industries --radical fem = media make women believe in beauty myth = ideal look, sexiness, shape, weight,size. encouraged to see goals as central to own happiness than compete with men for power position = false consciousness in women n prevent taking opportunities

Question 27

postmodern n pluralist view of media representation of gender

Answer 27

- --Postmodern= no 1 ideal type of masculinity of feminity = media challenge trad definitions of gender n force change = diverse identities - --trad view of women as housewife or low status worker removed by girl power icons - --new emphasis on men's emotions n challenge ideals of toughness - --Pluralist; media reflect attitude in taste of public demand= meet both gender needs; if women unhappy then would not buy products - --underestimate women ability to see through gender stereotyping - femm stereotype females as easily influenced

Question 28

media rep of gender ferguson gray

Answer 28

--women magazine instruct women in values n attitudes being a woman ---tell women what to do n how to think of self/abput men/others what to wear,act,buy - --Gray; people say women avoid comp n vid games= complex but also use other complex equipment like sewing machine, ovens, washing machine - --male domination of domestic leisure alienates women from tech

Question 29

how does media represent sexuality batchelor

Answer 29

--some sexuality aspect rep positively by publicising sexual health info, explore issues like consent limitations in media of sexuality -being gay not integrated into mainstream media rep 1. contraception rep as female responsibility 2, diff in how young genders in media text talked, felt, acted in relation to sex e.g female media characters talk about sex w friends, emotional but males boasted sexual prowess 3.lack of positive images of lesbian,gay teen n failure to rep sexual diversity

Question 30

how is sexuality represented craig

Answer 30

media rep sexuality in uk - heterosexual ---craig; 3 signifiers of gayness common in media 1.Camp character= irony n exaggeration used as colourful n fun figure- not threatening 2. Macho -exaggerate masculinity transform practical male clothing as erotic symbols threatening- subvert trad masculinity 3. Deviant= gays rep as deviant - evil or devious in tv drama or sexual predators as feel guilt of sexuality --gay characters defined by their problem n homosexuality seem morally wrong

Question 31

how is sexuality represented stonewall research LGBT.co.uk

Answer 31

- --LGBT cimmunity like women go symbolic annihilation = consigned to comedic relief to laugh/mock at in tv - --lesbian seem over sexualised n exotic to male viewer - Stonewall; only few hours focused on LGBT related characters or issue/ shown positively or realistically - --show gay as promiscious n predatory - --gay men as unhappy, bullied, rejected - --homophobia unchallenged -pink economy recognised by advertisers = spending power of LGBT community (pink pound) on consumer goods = shown positive homosexual campaigns n advertising

Question 32

how is LGBT community represented in new media

Answer 32

--more positive = more content is user generated on internet= made sites to give advice n support to LGBT people ---social media for supports but also homophobic comments on them. - --Media effects = educative n entertaining role, cathartic - --sexual explicit material can be desensitizing = more immorality n undermine values - --sexually explicit material objectify women = men have degrading effect to women - --long time exposure on tv influence viewer's understandings of real world

Question 33

how is disability represented in media

Answer 33

---dsiabled by their physical/mental impairments= bio medical model = need constant care n dependent on able people ---disabled by society by prejudicial stereotypes n attitudes - discriminatory practices = disablism should be segregated n dependent

Question 34

how is disability represented in media | barnes

Answer 34

steoreotypes of disabled people ; 1. pitable & pathetic = focus too much on disabled children n miracle cures 2. sinister n evil - criminals or monsters 3. atmospheric or curio - in drama to enhance atmosphere of unease, mystery, deprivation add visual impact 4. super cripples= seem as having special powersdoing extraordinary things 5. sexually abnormal = no sexual feelings or sexually degenerate 6. incapable of participating fully in community life = disabled people rarely integral n productive memebrs

Question 35

how does media represent disability roper williarns-findlay

Answer 35

- -- (telethons) children in need aim to raise money for dsiabled = rely on cute children who not rep of siabled people - -keep audience as givers n disabled in place as dependent recipients of charity - --about entertaining public than helping able bodied society to understand realty of disability -Williarns-Findlay; disability ot newsworthy by journalists or audiences = stereotypes continue as disabled people n or not used n no influence over lang used

Question 36

how media represent disability watson, philo, briant watson

Answer 36

---increase reporting of disability described disabled in sympathetic bt those with mental health n hidden disabilities were negative = journalist see them as benefit scroungers - Watson= negative attention that disabled people fraudulently claiming benefits - -hardly any articles of reality for disabled people or discrimination against - -increased use of derogatory lang by journalists

Question 37

media effects of disability cumberbatch n negrine

Answer 37

- --disabled people wish to be on tv = part of life n not alien - -an;e tp reect pr reomter[ret dp,omamt readomgs - --wish to integrate = need social change to happen - --on tv- presence n actions are determined by nature of disabilities = less to be seen as person

Question 38

theories of rep of disability pluralist social constructionist post modern

Answer 38

1. pluralist = show medical dominant view that disability is dysfunctional - --show anxieities about impairment n show admiration of courage 2- social constructionist = understand social reaction to disable people produce social donition n experience of disability ---medical prof set agenda for media portrayl of disability = top of higher hierarchy of credibility = unhealthy disability dependent on others ---prejudice that able bodied people feel towards disabled = by fear that disabled people are not normal n dreaded (loss, unknown ,tragedy) ---rarely consulted by journalist- disable people incapable of leading normal life negative rep= low status, oppression, exclusion, inequality 3. Postmodernist = medical metanraative in decline n view of disabled people not mean unhealthy, deficient, dependent - --more positive rep