media Flashcards
how did vir hall and foye say the english are represented in the media?
the bbc was said to have a more southern english bias and london focus by participants outside the south east of london. also found that the bbc percived as representing its views of english viewers instead of its other viewers. e.g holly willoby, ant & dec
how do vir hall and foye say the scottish are represented?
found those living in the highlands feel underrepresented in media portrayals and coverage
how do vir hall and foye say the welsh are represented in the media?
in wales there was a perception that reality tv can be exploitive in their portrayal of the welsh. e.g gavin and stacy, dirty sanchez
how does mulhurn say the two ways that the irish are represented in the media are?
-homesick and drinking bad guiness whilst listening to bad ballards in north london
-too succesful to be homesick whilst making megabucks in the city, and reporting the good wealth home via skype
how does graham say the welsh are presented in the media?
suggests the media can sometimes force other nationals into tv programs leading to tokenism
what does van dijk say about traditional represntations of ethnicity?
oversimplification of culture, blanket terminology, dependant e.g stacy dooley, unimportant e.g madeline mcan had a lot more coverage than stephen lawrence
how does nahdi say muslims are portrayed?
incredibly negative, often seen as mysoginistic,violent and cruel
what does ligali say about traditional representations of ethnicity?
states that the media has been accused of being insitutionally racist due to reporting less instances of murders against minority ethnic groups
what did hall say about traditional representations of ethnicity?
found that often folk devils of ‘black muggers’ are protrayed in the media
what do husband and hartman say about traditional representations of ethnicity?
media operates in a culture that sees foreigners as inferior,ethnic minorities presented in a negative way
what did children-now fair play study?
studied the continuation of gender and ethnic sterotypes in video games
what does barker say about changing representations of ethnicity?
a range of asian and black characters in east enders that are given a meaningful attention and stories, however east enders is critised for sterotyping
what does mohgissi say about how muslims are presented in the media?
argues women are muddled together in the media
what does hall say about changing representations of ethnicity in the media?
inferential racism and overt racism. inferential rascism is naturalised representaion of events relating to race which have racist premises in unquestioned assumptions. and overt racism is being openly racist
what does malik say about changing representations of ethnic minorities in the media?
shift in how ethnic minorities are now depicted in alternative and new forms of media, culture of minority groups across the uk was not depicted in a fair or contemporary way. however he did say that reality tv shows are increasingly more inclusive of ethnic minorities e.g the only way is essex, dancing on ice, gogglebox
what does nayak say about changing representations of ethnic minorities?
white wannabes- white working class people who adopt the style of black culture e.g bhad baby
what does burdsey say about changing representations of ethnic minorities in the media?
studied young british asian footballers and found that they were strongly influenced by their teammates
what did gill say about chaning representations of ethnic minorities in the media?
blasians-british asians that adopt black cultural styles and combined it with their culture
what does billington say about traditional representations of gender?
men are dominant and women are subordinate
what do milestone and meyer say about traditional representations of gender?
whilst steps have been taken to achieve gender equalities, dominant notions of essential gender differences, ideological representation of masculinities and feminities continue to perpetuate inequalities in the media
what does gauntlett say about traditional representations of gender?
men are clever and resourceful, women have to be bautiful, but there is an increase in women in lead roles, men have become more sentitive, also claims equality of the sexes has plateaued
what does easthorpe say about traditional views of masculinity?
argues that a variety of media, especially hollywood films and computer games, transmit the view that masculinity is based on strength, aggression,competition and violence is biologically determined and therefore a natural goal for boys to achieve
what does tunstall say about traditional views of feminity?
argues that media representations emphasise womens domestic, sexual, consumer and marital activities to the exclusion of all else
what does tuchman say about traditional views of feminitiy?
argued that the narrow range of role for women lead to their ‘symbolic annihilation’ in the media. this concept refers to the phenomenon where the media mass the media omit, trivialise, or condemn certain groups that are not socially valued like women
what does furgeson say about traditional views of feminity?
cult of feminity- based on traditional, sterotypical genger roles e.g caring, family oreintated
what dows glascock say about traditional views of feminity?
studied the notion that when portrayed as agressive in the media males are more physically aggressive whilst women are more verbally agressive
what does gauntlett say about changing representations of gender?
men now had a sensitive and caring side and women have become tougher
what did easthorpe say about changing views of masculinity?
the 1980s saw a new breed of glossy magazine aimed at middle class young men . the content of these magazines often suggested that:
-men are more emotionally vunerable, they should be more in touch with their emotions or feminine side
-they should treat women as equal
-they should care more about their apperance
-active fatherhood is an experince worth having
what does nixon say about changing views of masculinity?
the ‘new man’- acceptable for men to take care of their apperance and be sexualised
what does mort say about changing views of masculinity?
increased consumption of mens toiletries, aftershave and hair products
what does whannel say about changing views of masculinity?
notes that media representations of david beckham are fluid-his good looks, his football skills, competitive spirit and comitment mark mark him as traditional. but there has also been representations that stress his metrosexuality, especially his commitment to his family and the fact he spends a great deal of time and money on his apperance
what does westwood say about chaning views of feminity?
there are transgressive female roles in british television
what does glascock say about changing views of feminity?
study supports westwoods claims and explains that in the media there is now a range of feminities portrayed in the media such as ‘independant women’.e.g lara croft from tombraider, yenefier from the witcher,merida from brave
what did gill say about changing views of femininity?
found that the depiction of women has changed from women being passive objects of the male gaze, to women being more active, idependant and sexually powerful
what does narin say about traditional representations of the upper class?
the media representation of the monarchy and states adter WWII the monarchy developed close ties with the media industry and worked with them to reinvent the royal family. they are presented as like us but not like us, and the narritive of their lives is presented as a soap opera. reinforce national idenity using the queen
what does saunders say about traditional representation of the middle class?
take part in conspicous consumption, and are targeted by the media because they have the largest disposable income
what do martens and d’heanens say about traditional representations of the middle class?
studied the digital divide and found that the middle class use social media for career development whilst the working class use it for entertainment . this is because working class parents do not know how to teach their children to use it like that
what does leech say about the traditional representations of the middle class?
make their lifestyle seem desirable
what does newman say about the traditional representations of the working class?
there are very few films, sitcoms or dramas which give a realistic image of the everyday working class. argues the working class is sterotyped in an unflttering and pitying light
what does deveraux say about the traditional representations of the working class?
found that the working class portayals in the media are divided into two categories:
1.the working class are seen to be happy and deserving poor
2. undeserving poor
what does jones say about traditional representations of the working class?
chavtainment, portray a negative view of the working class as “bigoted, slothful and agressive “ e.g geordie shore, jeremy kyle
what does baumberg et al say about traditional representations of the under class?
benefit fraud:29% of news stories reference fraud, in comparision the governments own estimate is
what do golding and middleton say about traditional representations of the middle class?
examined moral panics surrounding the underclass - they carried out content analysis and discovered welfare issues werent talked about unless they were connected to other social issues, demonisation of the underclass has led to justifying cuts in welfare state funds
what does hall say about traditional representations of the underclass?
misrepresented, poverty porn, social and political experiences and white dee
what does nairn say about changing representation of the upper class?
representations that were traditionally postive is now changing
what does riener say about the changing representations of the upper class?
states that recent media reprsentations of wealthy people are being used to show examples of hard work, success and meritocracy
what does giddens say about the changing representations of the upper class?
states that there are now 3 types of upper class:traditional upper class, enterperinal super rich and the jet-set pop aristocracy. the media has impacted these changes
what does leech say about changing representations of the middle class?
now presented as the ‘ideal’ in advertising
what do dodd and dodd say about the changing representation of the working class?
studied easteneders and it introduced a realism when bravely broaching issues such as drug and alchol abuse
what does price say about the changing representations of the underclass?
did a discourse analysis and found that benefit street does have ‘narritives’ and present characters decnt compassionet people, however he still thinks these aspects are missed by viewers aqnd political commentators
what do Heinz-Knowles say about the traditional representations of childhood?
did a content analysis of how children are presented in television:
-motivated by peer relationships and romance
-hardly shows children grappling important issues
-majority of children engage in anti-social behaviour which results in positive outcomes
-ethnic minority groups under representation
-girls twice as likely to show affection and boys more likely to use physical aggression
what does Griffin say about traditional representations of youth?
the media portrays youth in 3 ways: deviant, dysfunctional and suffering a deficit
what does wayne say about traditional reprsentations of youth?
found that of the 286 stories in which young people were the main subject, 28% focused on young celebrities such as footballers, 82% focused on young people as either perpetrators or victims of crime
what do women in journalism say about traditional representations of youth?
studied hoodies or altar boys, this study examined how teenage boys were presented:
-negative language to describe them
-more stories of teens and crime than any other topic
-few stories show teen boys in a good light
-85% of teen boys say newspapers portray them in a bad light
-teenagers weary of other teenagers
what does kelly say about traditional representations of youth?
studied the langauge used by journalists to describe young people, and found 3 major types of representation:
-dangerous
-in need of protection
-immature
what does cohen say about traditional representations of youth?
the mods and rockers, small scale rivalry blown out of proportion by the media and caused a moral panic
what do age concern say about traditional representations of the elderly?
3 key media sterotypes of the elderly:
-a burden
-mentally challenged
-grumpy
what do landis say about traditional representations of the elderly?
depicted as one dimensional and had a number of sterotypes:
-grumpy old man
-feisty olf woman
-depressed or lonley
-busy body
-mentally defcient
-sick old person
-wise
-having a second childhood
what do cuddy and fiske say about traditional representations of the elderly?
in the US 1.5% of their characters elderly, and dont have a big role
what does Milner et al say about traditional representations of the elderly?
do not portray a balanced view of aging
what do carrigan and szmign say about traditional representations of the elderly?
old people are less likely to be used in advertisements even though they have grown in numbers
what does postman say about chaqnging represntations of childhood?
childhood has begun to disappear and children are being sexualised
what does osgerby say about changing representations of youth?
in the second half of the 20th century there was a recurring theme of ‘youth as trouble’
what does lee et al say about changing representations of the elderly?
portraying the eldrely as golden agers, enjoying healthy and active lifestyles
what does biggs say about changing representations of the elderly?
evidence of both change and continuity:
-larger number of old people appearing in soap operas
-negative depictions of the elderly in sitcoms
-representation of older people as more active
what does sontag say about changing representations of the elderly?
double standard of aging, women are expected to stay youthful whilst men are not
what doe carrigan and szmigin say about changing representations of the elderly?
advertisers are now targeting older people as consumers because of the ‘grey pound’, this led to an increase in the positive images of aging
what does Blakie say about changing representations of the elderly?
attitudes to retirement have changed and sterotypes of old age have broken down this is partly due to consumer culture and advertising
what do marxists belive about the media?
the media is part of the superstructure which is influenced and controlled by capitalism
what do neo-marxists belive about the media?
continued to look at the important role of the media in maintaining ruling class interests and hegemony
what do pluralists belive about the media?
claim that media representations are problematic because they reflect society and what people want to see
what do feminists belive about the media?
traditionally partiarchal ideology can be seen in media representations
what do postmodernists think about the media?
discuss diversity and choice in media images which people can pick and chose from
what does milliband say about the media?(marxist)
the ruling class use the media to control society by creating a false picture of realit. updated marxs idea that religion is the opium of the people, saying media is the new opium
what does curran say about the media?(marxist)
found evidence of owners directly manipulating media content
what did Bagdikian think about the media?(marxist)
notes that in 1983 50 corporations controlled the vast majority of all news media in the USA, but by 2004 it was controlled by 7
what does doyle say about the media?(marxist)
suggests that examination of ownership and control patterns is important because:
1. all points of view need to be heard if society is going to be truely democratic
2.abuses of power and influence by elites need to be monitered in the free media
what do the sutton trust say about the media? (neo marxist)
journalists and broadcasters tend to be white,middle class and male. more than 50% attened private school when only 7% of the poluation attends private school
what does Gilroy say about the media?(neo marxist)
argues that black crime, particularly in the 1970s was a form of political resistance against a repressive, racsist state. the media created a folk devils around black people
what does hall think about the media?(neo marxist)
3 sterotypes of black people in the media:
-portrayed as negative
-portrayed as entertainers
-portrayed as slaves
what does the glascow media group say about the media?(neo marxist)
carried out research into media presentations of different social groups. researched covered working class issues such as workers strike
what does whale say about the media?(pluralist)
states that what we see in the press/news is detremined by its readers/audiences
what does williams say about the media?(pluralist)
argues that journalists are vital in a democratic society as they provide the general public with the information required to participate in political and cultural life
what does halloran say about the media?(pluralist)
claims that audiences are able to manipulate the media as they have ‘plural views of society’
what do curran and gurevitch say about the media? (pluralist)
state that audiences are their fire capable of confirming and accepting representations or rejecting them
what did mulvey say about how women are presented in the media?(feminist)
the male gaze, to chracterise cinema as an instrument of male spectatorship
what does lauzen say about female directors etc?
found that women for only 16% of all directors? prouducers, writers,cinematographers and editors
what does wolf say about how women are presented in the media?
states that women are socialised to conform to and buy into the beauty myth-how men think women should look in terms of weight, size and sex appeal
what does tuchman say about how women are presented in the media?(radical feminist)
symbolic annhiliation in the media-media trivialising or condeming groups that are not socially valued such as women
what does beechy say about women in the media?( marxist feminist)
reserve army of labour brought in during economic booms and thrown out during economic slumps
what does wheelhans reserach find?
carried out a study on mens magazine like FHM, maxim and loaded and claimed that these magaiznes override the message of feminism
what does mcrobbie say about magazines?
magazines genrally do not have an effect on their readers but a western version of femininity is promoted as ideal
what does McLuhan say about globalisation?
the global village-suggests that information would eventually be on electronically due to it “moving at the speed of light”
what does strinati say about media saturation?
states that capitalist countries are now media saturated as people engage with a range of different media products and forums
what does baudrillard say about media saturation?
media saturation has altered reality and acknowledges this can have negative impacts on society
what does turkel say about identity creation?
technology is taking us where we dont wanna go,people trying to customise their lives . goldilocks effect-not to close,not to far, just right
what does watson say about identity creation?
“superficially no depth”, loss of authencicity of self and products valued for logo not the actual product
what does packard say about direct effects?
hypodermic syringe-illustrates the media is like a syringe that ‘injects’ its messages into the audiences (similarly information/media is like a bullet that penetrates the audience)
what does newson say about medias direct effects on people?
argued that childrens exposure to media violence has a disensitized effect and that, as a result they are more likely to commit acts of violence in reality
what did bandura do a study on?
bobo doll experiment:children shown how to play with bobo doll,children who saw adults being violent to bobo dolls were violent towards it, and those who saw adults playing nicley were gentle
what does anderson et al say that supports direct effects model?
conducted reasearch unit the direct effects of music in an audience. Their research indicated a clear pattern of increased agressive thoughts and feelings of hostillity following in from listening to violent songs. they studied ‘shoot em up’-cypress hill,’hit em hard’-run DMC and ‘finger licking good’-beastie boys
what does hall et al say that supports direct effects model?
reasearched the effects of sexualised song lyrics on young audiences. Looked at the billboard hot 100 in 1959,69,79,89&09. and found a significant increase in sexualised content, a huge difference between elvis and britnes spears
what do hardcastle et al say about direct effects of the media?
examined positive references to alcohol in lyrics, and found a direct effect between the two. claimed that ‘the exposur eof young people to alcohol in the media is a major concern given its potential effect on drinking behaviours’
what do fesbach and singer say about direct effects from the media?
found that screen violence can actually be a safe outlet for peoples agressive tendancies (catharis)
what does young say about direct effects of the media?
argues that there are two responses to viewing violence in the media:
-seeing violence and the pain it causes makes us more aware of its consequences, more sensitised to it and less likley to do it
-if violence is viewed in a more permissable way, the content and behaviour may become more desensitzing
what do katz and lazerfield say about indirect effects of the media?
suggests that personal relationships and conversations with significant others result in people modifying or rejecting media messages-oppinion leaders
what is the cultural effects model/drip drip effect?
suggests that over time our norms are changed by veiwing certain media content e.g if we see violence as more acceptable we become desenitised
what is the marxist cultural effects model?
gramsci-argues that media content contains strong ideological messages that reflect the values of who own,control and produce the media. they argue that the long term effect of such media content is the values of the rich and powerful come to be unconsiously shared by most people
what does zillman say about the active audience model?
persons mood may effect their media choice
what does hall say about active audeince apporaches?
(neo-marxist) explored how people make sense of media texts and claimed that audiences were active not passive
what does klapper say about the selective filter model?
common reasons for media use:information, personal identity, intergration and social intergration, entertainment
what is a folk devil?
a person or group whi are portrayed in folklore or the media as outsiders or deviant, and who are blamed for crimes or other sorts of social problems
what does cohen (1972) say about moral panics?
mods and rockers, fight exaggerated in the media and caused a moral panic
what does cohen (2002) say about moral panics?
refers to more recent examples of moral panics. he studied steven lawrence murder, james buldger case, death of leah betts from ecstasy, welfare cheats and single mothers, refugees and asylum seekers
what does cohen say about deviancy amplification?
folk devils and moral panics 1972 mods and rockers- media predicts another fight in brighton and media over exaggerated it
who came up with the deviancy amplification spiral?
wilkins
