media

Question 1

how did vir hall and foye say the english are represented in the media?

Answer 1

the bbc was said to have a more southern english bias and london focus by participants outside the south east of london. also found that the bbc percived as representing its views of english viewers instead of its other viewers. e.g holly willoby, ant & dec

Question 2

how do vir hall and foye say the scottish are represented?

Answer 2

found those living in the highlands feel underrepresented in media portrayals and coverage

Question 3

how do vir hall and foye say the welsh are represented in the media?

Answer 3

in wales there was a perception that reality tv can be exploitive in their portrayal of the welsh. e.g gavin and stacy, dirty sanchez

Question 4

how does mulhurn say the two ways that the irish are represented in the media are?

Answer 4

-homesick and drinking bad guiness whilst listening to bad ballards in north london
-too succesful to be homesick whilst making megabucks in the city, and reporting the good wealth home via skype

Question 5

how does graham say the welsh are presented in the media?

Answer 5

suggests the media can sometimes force other nationals into tv programs leading to tokenism

Question 6

what does van dijk say about traditional represntations of ethnicity?

Answer 6

oversimplification of culture, blanket terminology, dependant e.g stacy dooley, unimportant e.g madeline mcan had a lot more coverage than stephen lawrence

Question 7

how does nahdi say muslims are portrayed?

Answer 7

incredibly negative, often seen as mysoginistic,violent and cruel

Question 8

what does ligali say about traditional representations of ethnicity?

Answer 8

states that the media has been accused of being insitutionally racist due to reporting less instances of murders against minority ethnic groups

Question 9

what did hall say about traditional representations of ethnicity?

Answer 9

found that often folk devils of ‘black muggers’ are protrayed in the media

Question 10

what do husband and hartman say about traditional representations of ethnicity?

Answer 10

media operates in a culture that sees foreigners as inferior,ethnic minorities presented in a negative way

Question 11

what did children-now fair play study?

Answer 11

studied the continuation of gender and ethnic sterotypes in video games

Question 12

what does barker say about changing representations of ethnicity?

Answer 12

a range of asian and black characters in east enders that are given a meaningful attention and stories, however east enders is critised for sterotyping

Question 13

what does mohgissi say about how muslims are presented in the media?

Answer 13

argues women are muddled together in the media

Question 14

what does hall say about changing representations of ethnicity in the media?

Answer 14

inferential racism and overt racism. inferential rascism is naturalised representaion of events relating to race which have racist premises in unquestioned assumptions. and overt racism is being openly racist

Question 15

what does malik say about changing representations of ethnic minorities in the media?

Answer 15

shift in how ethnic minorities are now depicted in alternative and new forms of media, culture of minority groups across the uk was not depicted in a fair or contemporary way. however he did say that reality tv shows are increasingly more inclusive of ethnic minorities e.g the only way is essex, dancing on ice, gogglebox

Question 16

what does nayak say about changing representations of ethnic minorities?

Answer 16

white wannabes- white working class people who adopt the style of black culture e.g bhad baby

Question 17

what does burdsey say about changing representations of ethnic minorities in the media?

Answer 17

studied young british asian footballers and found that they were strongly influenced by their teammates

Question 18

what did gill say about chaning representations of ethnic minorities in the media?

Answer 18

blasians-british asians that adopt black cultural styles and combined it with their culture

Question 19

what does billington say about traditional representations of gender?

Answer 19

men are dominant and women are subordinate

Question 20

what do milestone and meyer say about traditional representations of gender?

Answer 20

whilst steps have been taken to achieve gender equalities, dominant notions of essential gender differences, ideological representation of masculinities and feminities continue to perpetuate inequalities in the media

Question 21

what does gauntlett say about traditional representations of gender?

Answer 21

men are clever and resourceful, women have to be bautiful, but there is an increase in women in lead roles, men have become more sentitive, also claims equality of the sexes has plateaued

Question 22

what does easthorpe say about traditional views of masculinity?

Answer 22

argues that a variety of media, especially hollywood films and computer games, transmit the view that masculinity is based on strength, aggression,competition and violence is biologically determined and therefore a natural goal for boys to achieve

Question 23

what does tunstall say about traditional views of feminity?

Answer 23

argues that media representations emphasise womens domestic, sexual, consumer and marital activities to the exclusion of all else

Question 24

what does tuchman say about traditional views of feminitiy?

Answer 24

argued that the narrow range of role for women lead to their ‘symbolic annihilation’ in the media. this concept refers to the phenomenon where the media mass the media omit, trivialise, or condemn certain groups that are not socially valued like women

Question 25

what does furgeson say about traditional views of feminity?

Answer 25

cult of feminity- based on traditional, sterotypical genger roles e.g caring, family oreintated

Question 26

what dows glascock say about traditional views of feminity?

Answer 26

studied the notion that when portrayed as agressive in the media males are more physically aggressive whilst women are more verbally agressive

Question 27

what does gauntlett say about changing representations of gender?

Answer 27

men now had a sensitive and caring side and women have become tougher

Question 28

what did easthorpe say about changing views of masculinity?

Answer 28

the 1980s saw a new breed of glossy magazine aimed at middle class young men . the content of these magazines often suggested that: -men are more emotionally vunerable, they should be more in touch with their emotions or feminine side -they should treat women as equal -they should care more about their apperance -active fatherhood is an experince worth having

Question 29

what does nixon say about changing views of masculinity?

Answer 29

the 'new man'- acceptable for men to take care of their apperance and be sexualised

Question 30

what does mort say about changing views of masculinity?

Answer 30

increased consumption of mens toiletries, aftershave and hair products

Question 31

what does whannel say about changing views of masculinity?

Answer 31

notes that media representations of david beckham are fluid-his good looks, his football skills, competitive spirit and comitment mark mark him as traditional. but there has also been representations that stress his metrosexuality, especially his commitment to his family and the fact he spends a great deal of time and money on his apperance

Question 32

what does westwood say about chaning views of feminity?

Answer 32

there are transgressive female roles in british television

Question 33

what does glascock say about changing views of feminity?

Answer 33

study supports westwoods claims and explains that in the media there is now a range of feminities portrayed in the media such as 'independant women'.e.g lara croft from tombraider, yenefier from the witcher,merida from brave

Question 34

what did gill say about changing views of femininity?

Answer 34

found that the depiction of women has changed from women being passive objects of the male gaze, to women being more active, idependant and sexually powerful

Question 35

what does narin say about traditional representations of the upper class?

Answer 35

the media representation of the monarchy and states adter WWII the monarchy developed close ties with the media industry and worked with them to reinvent the royal family. they are presented as like us but not like us, and the narritive of their lives is presented as a soap opera. reinforce national idenity using the queen

Question 36

what does saunders say about traditional representation of the middle class?

Answer 36

take part in conspicous consumption, and are targeted by the media because they have the largest disposable income

Question 37

what do martens and d'heanens say about traditional representations of the middle class?

Answer 37

studied the digital divide and found that the middle class use social media for career development whilst the working class use it for entertainment . this is because working class parents do not know how to teach their children to use it like that

Question 38

what does leech say about the traditional representations of the middle class?

Answer 38

make their lifestyle seem desirable

Question 39

what does newman say about the traditional representations of the working class?

Answer 39

there are very few films, sitcoms or dramas which give a realistic image of the everyday working class. argues the working class is sterotyped in an unflttering and pitying light

Question 40

what does deveraux say about the traditional representations of the working class?

Answer 40

found that the working class portayals in the media are divided into two categories: 1.the working class are seen to be happy and deserving poor 2. undeserving poor

Question 41

what does jones say about traditional representations of the working class?

Answer 41

chavtainment, portray a negative view of the working class as "bigoted, slothful and agressive " e.g geordie shore, jeremy kyle

Question 42

what does baumberg et al say about traditional representations of the under class?

Answer 42

benefit fraud:29% of news stories reference fraud, in comparision the governments own estimate is

Question 43

what do golding and middleton say about traditional representations of the middle class?

Answer 43

examined moral panics surrounding the underclass - they carried out content analysis and discovered welfare issues werent talked about unless they were connected to other social issues, demonisation of the underclass has led to justifying cuts in welfare state funds

Question 44

what does hall say about traditional representations of the underclass?

Answer 44

misrepresented, poverty porn, social and political experiences and white dee

Question 45

what does nairn say about changing representation of the upper class?

Answer 45

representations that were traditionally postive is now changing

Question 46

what does riener say about the changing representations of the upper class?

Answer 46

states that recent media reprsentations of wealthy people are being used to show examples of hard work, success and meritocracy

Question 47

what does giddens say about the changing representations of the upper class?

Answer 47

states that there are now 3 types of upper class:traditional upper class, enterperinal super rich and the jet-set pop aristocracy. the media has impacted these changes

Question 48

what does leech say about changing representations of the middle class?

Answer 48

now presented as the 'ideal' in advertising

Question 49

what do dodd and dodd say about the changing representation of the working class?

Answer 49

studied easteneders and it introduced a realism when bravely broaching issues such as drug and alchol abuse

Question 50

what does price say about the changing representations of the underclass?

Answer 50

did a discourse analysis and found that benefit street does have 'narritives' and present characters decnt compassionet people, however he still thinks these aspects are missed by viewers aqnd political commentators

Question 51

what do Heinz-Knowles say about the traditional representations of childhood?

Answer 51

did a content analysis of how children are presented in television: -motivated by peer relationships and romance -hardly shows children grappling important issues -majority of children engage in anti-social behaviour which results in positive outcomes -ethnic minority groups under representation -girls twice as likely to show affection and boys more likely to use physical aggression

Question 52

what does Griffin say about traditional representations of youth?

Answer 52

the media portrays youth in 3 ways: deviant, dysfunctional and suffering a deficit

Question 53

what does wayne say about traditional reprsentations of youth?

Answer 53

found that of the 286 stories in which young people were the main subject, 28% focused on young celebrities such as footballers, 82% focused on young people as either perpetrators or victims of crime

Question 54

what do women in journalism say about traditional representations of youth?

Answer 54

studied hoodies or altar boys, this study examined how teenage boys were presented: -negative language to describe them -more stories of teens and crime than any other topic -few stories show teen boys in a good light -85% of teen boys say newspapers portray them in a bad light -teenagers weary of other teenagers

Question 55

what does kelly say about traditional representations of youth?

Answer 55

studied the langauge used by journalists to describe young people, and found 3 major types of representation: -dangerous -in need of protection -immature

Question 56

what does cohen say about traditional representations of youth?

Answer 56

the mods and rockers, small scale rivalry blown out of proportion by the media and caused a moral panic

Question 57

what do age concern say about traditional representations of the elderly?

Answer 57

3 key media sterotypes of the elderly: -a burden -mentally challenged -grumpy

Question 58

what do landis say about traditional representations of the elderly?

Answer 58

depicted as one dimensional and had a number of sterotypes: -grumpy old man -feisty olf woman -depressed or lonley -busy body -mentally defcient -sick old person -wise -having a second childhood

Question 59

what do cuddy and fiske say about traditional representations of the elderly?

Answer 59

in the US 1.5% of their characters elderly, and dont have a big role

Question 60

what does Milner et al say about traditional representations of the elderly?

Answer 60

do not portray a balanced view of aging

Question 61

what do carrigan and szmign say about traditional representations of the elderly?

Answer 61

old people are less likely to be used in advertisements even though they have grown in numbers

Question 62

what does postman say about chaqnging represntations of childhood?

Answer 62

childhood has begun to disappear and children are being sexualised

Question 63

what does osgerby say about changing representations of youth?

Answer 63

in the second half of the 20th century there was a recurring theme of 'youth as trouble'

Question 64

what does lee et al say about changing representations of the elderly?

Answer 64

portraying the eldrely as golden agers, enjoying healthy and active lifestyles

Question 65

what does biggs say about changing representations of the elderly?

Answer 65

evidence of both change and continuity: -larger number of old people appearing in soap operas -negative depictions of the elderly in sitcoms -representation of older people as more active

Question 66

what does sontag say about changing representations of the elderly?

Answer 66

double standard of aging, women are expected to stay youthful whilst men are not

Question 67

what doe carrigan and szmigin say about changing representations of the elderly?

Answer 67

advertisers are now targeting older people as consumers because of the 'grey pound', this led to an increase in the positive images of aging

Question 68

what does Blakie say about changing representations of the elderly?

Answer 68

attitudes to retirement have changed and sterotypes of old age have broken down this is partly due to consumer culture and advertising

Question 69

what do marxists belive about the media?

Answer 69

the media is part of the superstructure which is influenced and controlled by capitalism

Question 70

what do neo-marxists belive about the media?

Answer 70

continued to look at the important role of the media in maintaining ruling class interests and hegemony

Question 71

what do pluralists belive about the media?

Answer 71

claim that media representations are problematic because they reflect society and what people want to see

Question 72

what do feminists belive about the media?

Answer 72

traditionally partiarchal ideology can be seen in media representations

Question 73

what do postmodernists think about the media?

Answer 73

discuss diversity and choice in media images which people can pick and chose from

Question 74

what does milliband say about the media?(marxist)

Answer 74

the ruling class use the media to control society by creating a false picture of realit. updated marxs idea that religion is the opium of the people, saying media is the new opium

Question 75

what does curran say about the media?(marxist)

Answer 75

found evidence of owners directly manipulating media content

Question 76

what did Bagdikian think about the media?(marxist)

Answer 76

notes that in 1983 50 corporations controlled the vast majority of all news media in the USA, but by 2004 it was controlled by 7

Question 77

what does doyle say about the media?(marxist)

Answer 77

suggests that examination of ownership and control patterns is important because: 1. all points of view need to be heard if society is going to be truely democratic 2.abuses of power and influence by elites need to be monitered in the free media

Question 78

what do the sutton trust say about the media? (neo marxist)

Answer 78

journalists and broadcasters tend to be white,middle class and male. more than 50% attened private school when only 7% of the poluation attends private school

Question 79

what does Gilroy say about the media?(neo marxist)

Answer 79

argues that black crime, particularly in the 1970s was a form of political resistance against a repressive, racsist state. the media created a folk devils around black people

Question 80

what does hall think about the media?(neo marxist)

Answer 80

3 sterotypes of black people in the media: -portrayed as negative -portrayed as entertainers -portrayed as slaves

Question 81

what does the glascow media group say about the media?(neo marxist)

Answer 81

carried out research into media presentations of different social groups. researched covered working class issues such as workers strike

Question 82

what does whale say about the media?(pluralist)

Answer 82

states that what we see in the press/news is detremined by its readers/audiences

Question 83

what does williams say about the media?(pluralist)

Answer 83

argues that journalists are vital in a democratic society as they provide the general public with the information required to participate in political and cultural life

Question 84

what does halloran say about the media?(pluralist)

Answer 84

claims that audiences are able to manipulate the media as they have 'plural views of society'

Question 85

what do curran and gurevitch say about the media? (pluralist)

Answer 85

state that audiences are their fire capable of confirming and accepting representations or rejecting them

Question 86

what did mulvey say about how women are presented in the media?(feminist)

Answer 86

the male gaze, to chracterise cinema as an instrument of male spectatorship

Question 87

what does lauzen say about female directors etc?

Answer 87

found that women for only 16% of all directors? prouducers, writers,cinematographers and editors

Question 88

what does wolf say about how women are presented in the media?

Answer 88

states that women are socialised to conform to and buy into the beauty myth-how men think women should look in terms of weight, size and sex appeal

Question 89

what does tuchman say about how women are presented in the media?(radical feminist)

Answer 89

symbolic annhiliation in the media-media trivialising or condeming groups that are not socially valued such as women

Question 90

what does beechy say about women in the media?( marxist feminist)

Answer 90

reserve army of labour brought in during economic booms and thrown out during economic slumps

Question 91

what does wheelhans reserach find?

Answer 91

carried out a study on mens magazine like FHM, maxim and loaded and claimed that these magaiznes override the message of feminism

Question 92

what does mcrobbie say about magazines?

Answer 92

magazines genrally do not have an effect on their readers but a western version of femininity is promoted as ideal

Question 93

what does McLuhan say about globalisation?

Answer 93

the global village-suggests that information would eventually be on electronically due to it "moving at the speed of light"

Question 94

what does strinati say about media saturation?

Answer 94

states that capitalist countries are now media saturated as people engage with a range of different media products and forums

Question 95

what does baudrillard say about media saturation?

Answer 95

media saturation has altered reality and acknowledges this can have negative impacts on society

Question 96

what does turkel say about identity creation?

Answer 96

technology is taking us where we dont wanna go,people trying to customise their lives . goldilocks effect-not to close,not to far, just right

Question 97

what does watson say about identity creation?

Answer 97

"superficially no depth", loss of authencicity of self and products valued for logo not the actual product

Question 98

what does packard say about direct effects?

Answer 98

hypodermic syringe-illustrates the media is like a syringe that 'injects' its messages into the audiences (similarly information/media is like a bullet that penetrates the audience)

Question 99

what does newson say about medias direct effects on people?

Answer 99

argued that childrens exposure to media violence has a disensitized effect and that, as a result they are more likely to commit acts of violence in reality

Question 100

what did bandura do a study on?

Answer 100

bobo doll experiment:children shown how to play with bobo doll,children who saw adults being violent to bobo dolls were violent towards it, and those who saw adults playing nicley were gentle

Question 101

what does anderson et al say that supports direct effects model?

Answer 101

conducted reasearch unit the direct effects of music in an audience. Their research indicated a clear pattern of increased agressive thoughts and feelings of hostillity following in from listening to violent songs. they studied 'shoot em up'-cypress hill,'hit em hard'-run DMC and 'finger licking good'-beastie boys

Question 102

what does hall et al say that supports direct effects model?

Answer 102

reasearched the effects of sexualised song lyrics on young audiences. Looked at the billboard hot 100 in 1959,69,79,89&09. and found a significant increase in sexualised content, a huge difference between elvis and britnes spears

Question 103

what do hardcastle et al say about direct effects of the media?

Answer 103

examined positive references to alcohol in lyrics, and found a direct effect between the two. claimed that 'the exposur eof young people to alcohol in the media is a major concern given its potential effect on drinking behaviours'

Question 104

what do fesbach and singer say about direct effects from the media?

Answer 104

found that screen violence can actually be a safe outlet for peoples agressive tendancies (catharis)

Question 105

what does young say about direct effects of the media?

Answer 105

argues that there are two responses to viewing violence in the media: -seeing violence and the pain it causes makes us more aware of its consequences, more sensitised to it and less likley to do it -if violence is viewed in a more permissable way, the content and behaviour may become more desensitzing

Question 106

what do katz and lazerfield say about indirect effects of the media?

Answer 106

suggests that personal relationships and conversations with significant others result in people modifying or rejecting media messages-oppinion leaders

Question 107

what is the cultural effects model/drip drip effect?

Answer 107

suggests that over time our norms are changed by veiwing certain media content e.g if we see violence as more acceptable we become desenitised

Question 108

what is the marxist cultural effects model?

Answer 108

gramsci-argues that media content contains strong ideological messages that reflect the values of who own,control and produce the media. they argue that the long term effect of such media content is the values of the rich and powerful come to be unconsiously shared by most people

Question 109

what does zillman say about the active audience model?

Answer 109

persons mood may effect their media choice

Question 110

what does hall say about active audeince apporaches?

Answer 110

(neo-marxist) explored how people make sense of media texts and claimed that audiences were active not passive

Question 111

what does klapper say about the selective filter model?

Answer 111

common reasons for media use:information, personal identity, intergration and social intergration, entertainment

Question 112

what is a folk devil?

Answer 112

a person or group whi are portrayed in folklore or the media as outsiders or deviant, and who are blamed for crimes or other sorts of social problems

Question 113

what does cohen (1972) say about moral panics?

Answer 113

mods and rockers, fight exaggerated in the media and caused a moral panic

Question 114

what does cohen (2002) say about moral panics?

Answer 114

refers to more recent examples of moral panics. he studied steven lawrence murder, james buldger case, death of leah betts from ecstasy, welfare cheats and single mothers, refugees and asylum seekers

Question 115

what does cohen say about deviancy amplification?

Answer 115

folk devils and moral panics 1972 mods and rockers- media predicts another fight in brighton and media over exaggerated it

Question 116

who came up with the deviancy amplification spiral?

Answer 116

wilkins