identities

Question 1

what is national identity?

Answer 1

a sense of belonging to one or more states or one or more nations. it is represented by distinctive traditions cultures and language

Question 2

what does phillip et al say about national identity?

Answer 2

argues that the national curriculum supports the ideology of nationalism and that history lessons, in particular are a key factor in creating national identity

Question 3

what does Schuden say about national identity?

Answer 3

points out that all british people are socialised into a common national culture and identity through various means. no matter what part of britain you live in you will often learn a common national culture

Question 4

what does Kumar say about national identity?

Answer 4

the english find it difficult to say who they are and that the english national identity is difficult to describe. the long history of the english as powerful people (taking over land and forming an empire) has developed a sense of missionary nationalism, where in the interests of unity and empire, the quest to expand ‘britishness’ may have diluted ‘englishness’

Question 5

what do cashmore, tryona and james say about national identity?

Answer 5

as with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an idividual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression

Question 6

what does hewitt say about national identity?

Answer 6

britain has seen a ‘white backlash’ from the white working classes against what they perceive as preferential treatment of ethnic minorities. this has encouraged a new form of british nationalism or identity that has occured during the last decade. one instutition this is evident in is the education system. youth workers that were interviewed by hewitt told him that young white people had always expressed the view that they felt victimised by teachers in comparison to their peers who were from ethnic minorities

Question 7

what do fairweather and rogerson say about national identity?

Answer 7

claim that cultural homogenisation is occuring due to:
-computer software:not being localised therefore microsoft for example shows western way of thinking
-advertising by the west is broadcast on a global scale therefore presents ideas on what is ‘desirable’
-anti social behaviour on the internet can reflect western ideas about morality and deviance
-digital communication does not give rules or police morality and ethics that can occur in local cultures such as western views regarding liberalism

Question 8

what does Hall say about national identity?

Answer 8

suggests that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation:
-they may accept global culture, and all countries will become more similar (cultural homogenisation)
-they may take in some parts of global culture and develop a new but still idividual culture (cultural hybridity)
-they may resist global culture and fiercly protect their cultural heritage becoming more traditional and nationalistic

Question 9

what does Burdsey say about ethnic identities?

Answer 9

2nd and 3rd generation british asians switched between white and asian identities, this is called code switching. they wore ‘white masks’ when with their peers but were asian with their families

Question 10

summary of burdesys study ‘one of the lads’

Answer 10

-conflict between laddish behaviour ( which may inlude drinking,gambling and watching porn) and asian identity
-asian footballers who succeded often hd dual identities. they adopted ‘white masks’ when with their football team mates

Question 11

what does Nyak say about ethnic identity?

Answer 11

studies white wannabes. says that they are white working class males who adopt the styles and langauge of black culture also known as ‘wangstas’. e.g eminem and aitch

Question 12

what does parson say about youth/childhood identities?

Answer 12

belived that in all societies childhood is a period when socialisation into societys culture takes place.he states that children learn the norms and values associated with different social roles, which enables them to contribute to society as adults. belived that the family has 2 main functions: the primary socialisation of children, the stabilisation of adult personalities for the population of society. argued that adolsecence is a time when children begin to develop independance from their parents

Question 13

what does griffin say about youth identities?

Answer 13

the media portrays the youth as a social problem in 3 different ways:
-dysfunctional
-suffering a deficit
-deviant

Question 14

what does heintz-knowles say about youth/childhood identities?

Answer 14

conducted a content analysis to study the way children are portrayed in entertainment television. this included closely examining child characters in entertainment porgrammes. she found that:
-children are motivated most by peer relationships and romance and least by school related and religious issues
-entertainment television hardly shows children grappling with important issues
-majority of the characters engage in anti-social behaviours which results in positive outcomes
-children from ethnic minority groups are under-represented
-girlsn and boys are almost equally represented but there are important differences in the way that girls and boys are portrayed.e.g girls are twice as likley to show affection and boys are more likley to use aggression to achieve their goals

Question 15

what do mcrobbie and garber say about youth/childhood identities?

Answer 15

used the term bedroom culture to describe the way girls in their youth spend their lesiure time with their peer group in their bedrooms. they are socialised into traditional gender norms via ‘cult of feminity’- idolise pop stars and spend time on their apperance

Question 16

what does sewell say about youth/childhood identity?

Answer 16

young african carribean males showed characteristics of a distinct youth subculture. this subculture is characterised by being hyper masculine and members gain status by looking up to and trying to imitate aspects of black role models which are often rap stars. peer group membership is essential in shaping identity among dissaffected young african carribean youth as it givens them a sense of purpose and belonging

Question 17

what is an anti-school subculture?

Answer 17

negative about school. they reject the school rules and dont conform at school. they get status from their friends by not conforming

Question 18

what does Brannen say about middle age identity?

Answer 18

clamied that they are the pivot generation which refers to the idea that middle aged people carry the responsibility for caring for their children and their parents so they swing between the 2. claims that they have a dual burden which refers to the idea that caring for both parents and children is a double responsibility suffered by the middle agfed population

Question 19

what does saunders say about middle age identity?

Answer 19

study on consumption suggests that those who saftisfied their needs through owenership of vaiorus goods are influenced heavily by advertising and the media. the media targets middle age people as they are the group with the highest dispoasble income and they often define their identity by what they own. (conspicous consumption)

Question 20

what does Hodkinson say about middle age identities?

Answer 20

the middle ages can have association to groups with specific norms and values. said that although looks and style are an important part of subcultures, a primaty feature of subculture means being part of something- this sense of belonging could continue into middle age. studied goths he argued that the level of commitment to the goth scene, and friendship groups and identity that develop around being a goth, can result in social lives that “are so intertwined that it would feel very odd to leave it”

Question 21

what does disengagement mean?

Answer 21

refers to how people may leave social roles when they get older

Question 22

what does parsons say about old age identity?

Answer 22

the elderly have less status in society, once children have grown up and men have retired, the elderly lose their most important social role in the family. they may be relativley isolated from their children who tend to focus more on their marriage partners and their own children rather than their parents. refers to disengagement theory when elderly people disengage with their previous roles and ‘harvest the fruits of their labours’ and enjoy recreational activities

Question 23

what do carrigan and szmigin say about old age identities?

Answer 23

study of old people in the media and advertising and suggest that whilst older consumers have grown in number and affluence in the uk, evidence suggests that they are less likley to be portrayed in advertisements than younger people. depictions of older people feature caricature and negative images such as them being smelly and incontinent, however eldelry people are more likley to be fit and active and desire to see them portrayed positivley

Question 24

what does sontag say about old age identity?

Answer 24

that there is a double standard of aging especially in television, whereby women are required to be beautiful and youthful throughout theri careers whilst men are not

Question 25

what does landis say about old age identities?

Answer 25

supports the findings of age concern and identified a number of sterotypes in representations of older peoples. they were depicted as ‘one dimensional’ and described in a number of ways such as:
-grumpy old man
-fiesty old woman
-depessed or lonley
-mentally deficient
-sickly old person
-having wisdom
-busybody
-having a second childhood

Question 26

what do clarke and warren say about old age identities?

Answer 26

suggests that old age may be a time to make new friends and engage in new interests.inclusion into such activities may define an old age identity. active ageing is when this period of life provides new opportunities and can be seen as active and engaged stage of life. their 2007 study of pensioners found that most of the respondents identified this phrase of their life as ‘active’. (active aging)

Question 27

what does johnson say about old age identities?

Answer 27

sugested that agesim occurs in the workplace in the uk. suggests that agism is istitutionalised and embedded in practises and society. ageism in the workplace is expressed through the sterotypicqal assuymptions about a persons competancy to do a job in relation to their age. older people find it much harder to get a job as they get older and face sterotypes in the work place

Question 28

what does voas say about old age identities?

Answer 28

suggested that old people are much more likely to identify themselves with being religious because:
-the generational effect-they were brought up in a much more religious era and their socialisation into values was more intense
-the ageing effect people become more spiritual the closer they are to death

Question 29

what do hockey and james say about old age identity?

Answer 29

they are infantilised

Question 30

what do featherstone and heapworth say about age identities?

Answer 30

argue that the life course has begun to be brokwn down - they cliam 2 processes have taken place:
-de-differentiation- the process by which the differences between the different stages of life course become less clear
-de-institutionalisation - the process by which institutions of society become less closely associated with maintaining different phases of life course

Question 31

what did blakie say about age identities?

Answer 31

argues that attitudes to retirement have changed and sterotypes of old age have broken down. claims that this is partly due to ‘consumer culture’. the retired are now an important consumer group who are targeted with a range of products and services. the ‘grey £’ is valued

Question 32

what is the definition of disability?

Answer 32

is a physical or mental imparement that has a long term effect on a persons ability to carry out normal day to day activities

Question 33

what is the definition of impairment?

Answer 33

a physical or mental abnormaility/condiition

Question 34

what is the disability discrimination act?

Answer 34

aimed to end discrimination against people with disabilities by preventing discriminatory practise in areas such as workplace,education, transpor, and buying or renting properties

Question 35

what is the medical model of disability?

Answer 35

sees disability as a medicical problem focusing on the limitations caused by impairment, and this has long been the prevelent view of society. this approach leads to the defining of a disabled person by their disability or impairment. the problem that this leads to ‘victim blaming’ mentality, where the problem lies with the disabled indiuvidual, rather than with a society that has not met their needs

Question 36

what does shakespear say about disabled identity?

Answer 36

argues that disabled people are often socialised into seeing themselves as victims and that people with impairments may accept this victime mentality because they can use it as an excuse for theri failure. there are also multiple obsticles to forming a positive disabled identity e.g:
-lack of positive role models in public life and the media and able bodied society often reacts to people with disability with pity, avoidance and awlwardness
-diabled people are often isolated from each other so forming a strong, collective identity is difficult

Question 37

what is the social model?

Answer 37

it focuses on the social and physical barriers to inclusion that may exist, such as design of buildings and public spaces that deny access to those with mobility problems, of discriminatory attitudes and practises against those with disabilities. the approach can lead to the view that disability is socially constructed since it rests on assumptions of what is ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’

Question 38

what does barnes say about disabled identity?

Answer 38

argues that in the mass media representations of disability have generally been oppressive and negative. people with disabilities are rarely presented as people with their own identities

Question 39

what does Gill say about disabled identity?

Answer 39

-he is a polio survivor who became disabled later in life
-‘when you become a member of a group that you have previously felt fear or pity for, you cant help but turn those feelings on yourself
-this could lead to a feeling of ‘learned helplessness’ describing the way that some disabled people may internalise the idea that they are incapable of changing a situation and thus fail to take action to help themseleves

Question 40

what does Murigami say about disabled identities?

Answer 40

-argues that a disabled person has the ability to construct a self-idenity that accepts their impairment but is dependant on it
-they see themselves as a person first and as someone with a disability as one of their characteristics
-people with disabilities reconstruct what is normal
-very few people are completley able bodied throughout their whole lives and therefore society should view disabilility as a human condition rather than an impairment