med term final 2 Flashcards
Condition where muscles tears away from tendon, or tendon from the bone
avulsion
continuous nerve impulses that cause arm or leg muscles to progressively flexed and drawn into a immoveable position
contracture
pain in specific trigger points in muscles of the neck, back, or hips
fibromyalgia
injury that occurs during a car accident as a person’s head snaps forward and then backward
hyperextension
when a trauma cause some bleeding in the muscle, known as a bruise
muscle contusion
painful but temporary condition with sudden, severe, involuntary and prolonged contraction of a muscle, known as cramps
muscle spasm
Overstretching of a muscle
muscle sprain
Genetic/ inherited disease due to a mutation gene; begins in early childhood with weakness in lower extremities and then upper; most severe form is Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy
muscular dystrophy
general term which is pain in one or more muscles due to injury or muscle disease
myalgia
abnormal and rapid fatigue of the muscles, especially in the face, ptosis (drooping) of the eyelids
myasthenia gravis
category that includes many different diseases of the muscles
myopathy
inflammation of a muscle with localized swelling and tenderness
myositis
tear in the rotator muscles of the shoulder that surround the head of the humerus
rotator cuff tear
incoordination of the muscles during movement
ataxia
abnormally slow muscle movements or decrease in the number of spontaneous muscle movements
bradykinesia
abnormal motions that occur because of difficulty controlling the voluntary muscles
dyskinesia
abnormally increased amount of muscle movements
hyperkinesis
uncomfortable restlessness and twitching of the muscles of the legs, along with tingling and aching
restless legs syndrome (RLS)
Small, involuntary sometime jerky, back and forth movements of the hands, neck, jaw, or extremities
Tremor
inflammation of the fascia around a muscle
fasciitis
Semisolid or fluid containing cyst that develops on a tendon, often in the wrist, hand, or foot
ganglion
pain and inflammation of the tendons of the flexor muscles of the lower leg over the shin bone
shin splints
inflammation of any tendon from injury or overuse
tendonitis
procedure to diagnose muscle disease or nerve damage. Displays muscle activity
electromyography
brace is a device that supports a body part that has a weak muscle. An adaptive device increases mobility by helping a physically challenged patient
braces and adaptive devices
tapping on a tendon causes involuntary contraction of the muscle connected to the tendon
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
test motor strength of certain of certain muscles. Physician presses down and patient tries to move the muscles
muscle strength test
physical therapy that includes exercise to increase muscle strength and improve coordination and balance.
rehabilitation exercise
procedure to treat fibromyalgia. To relieve pain and decrease inflammation
trigger point injections
procedure to partially or totally remove the fascia
fasciectomy
procedure to diagnose muscle weakness that could be caused by different muscle disease. Where part of tissue is removed
muscle biopsy
procedure to suture together a torn muscle after injury
myorrhaphy
procedure to suture together a torn tendon after injury
tenorraphy
Partial or total loss of memory of recent or past experienced
amnesia
Rare congestional conditon in which some or all of the cranium and cerebrum is missing
anencephaly
Loss of the ability to communicate verbally or in writing. Can occur with head trauma, stroke, or Alzheimer’s disease, Injury to part of the brain that deals with language and the interpretation of sounds and symbols
aphasia
Inability to verbally express thoughts
expressive aphasia
Inability to understand the spoken or written word
receptive aphasia
Limited impairment that involves some difficulty speaking or understanding words
dysphasia
Pain in the head; also known as a headache.
cephalalgia
Caused by the lack of oxygen to parts of the fetus’ brain during birth.
cerebral palsy
Disruption or blockage of blood flow to the brain, which causes tissue death and an area of necrosis known as an infarct.
cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
A temporary lack of oxygenated blood to an area of the brain, effects only last 24 hours
transient ischemic attack (Mini Stroke)
Paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplegia
Deep state of unconsciousness and unresponsiveness cause by trauma or disease in the brain, metabolic imbalance with accumulation of waste products in the blood
coma
Condition in which there is irreversible loss of all brain function, no activity of any kind for 30 minutes
brain death
Traumatic injury to the brain that results in an immediate loss of consciousness for a brief or prolonged period of time.
concussion
disease of the brain in which many neurons in the cerebrum die.
dementia
onset dementia- the convulsive effect of multiple small cerebrovascular accidents.
senile
is a hereditary dementia that is known to run in families, with inherited mutations on chromosomes 1, 14,and 21
alzheimers diseae
Hereditary genetic effect in which there are three of chromosome 21, instead of the normal 2.
down syndrome
difficulty reading and writing words even though visual acuity and intelligence and normal .
dyslexia
inflammation and infection of the brain caused by a virus.
encephalitis
Reccurring condition in which a group of neurons in the brain spontaneously send out electrical impulses in an abnormal, uncontrolled way.
epilepsy
Localized collection of blood that forms in the brain because of trauma to the cranium of the rupture of an intracranial aneurysm or an AVM.
hematoma
Condition in which an excessive amount of cerebrospinal fluid is produced of the flow of cerebrospinal fluid is blocked.
hydrocephalus
inflammation and infection of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord caused by a bacterium or virus.
meningitis
Specific type of recurring headache that has a sudden onset with severe, throbbing pain, often on just one side of the head.
migraine
Brief, involuntary episodes of falling asleep during the daytime with engaged in an activity.
narcolepsy
Chronic, degenerative disease due to an imbalance in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and acetylcholine in the brain.
parkinson’s disease
Temporary loss of consciousness the patient becomes lightheaded and then faint and remains unconscious briefly.
syncope
congenital abnormality of the neural tube( embryonic structure that becomes the fetal brain and spinal cord)
neural tube defect
is a protrusion of the meninges through the skin.
meningocele
is the amount of spinal cord involvement determines the degree of impairment of muscle control of the legs and bladder and bowel function.
meningomyelocele
Trauma to the spinal cord with a partial or complete transection of the cord.
spinal cord injury (SCI)
(an inability to voluntarily move the muscle)
paralysis
Paralysis of the legs.
paraplegia
is paralysis of all four extremities
quadriplegia
When the muscles lose their tone and firmness and eventually atrophy this is called
flaccid paralysis
Sensation of any type, including touch, pressure, proprioception, or pain, has been lost.
anesthesia
Chronic condition caused by repetitive motions of the hand wrist, often from constant typing or data entry.
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
Condition in which there is a heightened awareness and sensitivity to touch and increased response to painful stimuli.
hyperesthesia
Chronic, progressive, degenerative autoimmune disorder in which the body makes antibodies against myelin. there is acute inflammation of the nerves and loss of myelin. this disease can be caused by a triggering event such as a viral infection
multiple sclerosis (MS)
Inflammation or infection of a nerve.
neuritis
is a generalized inflammation of many nerves in one part of the body or all the nerves in the body.
polyneuritis
General category for any type of disease or injury to a nerve.
neuropathy
Condition in which abnormal sensations, such as tingling, burning, or pinpricks, are felt on the skin.
paresthesia
Test that visually examines the CSF for clarity and color. Normal CSF is clear and colorless
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination
Procedure in which radiopaque contrast dye is injected into the carotid arteries.
cerebral angiography
Procedure that uses x rays to create many individual, closely spaced images (“slices”).
computed axial tomography (CT,CAT)
Procedure that uses high frequency sound waves to produce a two dimensional image to visualize areas of stenosis and plaque and turbulence in the blood flow in the carotid artery.
doppler ultrasonography
Procedure that uses a magnetic field and radiowaves to align the protons in the body and cause them to emit signals that create an image.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Procedure in which radiopaque contrast dye is injected into the subarachnoid space at the level of the L3 and L4 vertebrae.
myelography
Procedure in which a plain film (without contrast dye) is taken of the skull.
skull x ray
Procedure to record the electrical activity of the brain.
electroencephalography
Procedure to diagnose the underlying conditions that can cause insomnia, sleep disruption, sleep apnea, or narcolepsy. also know as a sleep study.
polysomnography
Neurological test in which the end of the metal handle of a percussion hammer is used to firmly stroke the lateral sole of the foot from the heel to the toes.
babinski’s sign
Numerical scale that measures the depth of a coma.
glasgow coma scale
Procedure to obtain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) also know as a spinal tap.
lumbar puncture
Tests the patients concrete and abstract thought processes and long and short term memory.
mini mental status examination (MMSE)
Tests coordination, sensation balance, and gait.
neurologic examination
Procedure in which a fracture of the vertebrae is immobilized while it heals. also know as a halo.
spinal traction
Procedure to remove a tumor or mass from the brain or other part of the nervous system.
biopsy
procedure to remove plaque from the carotid artery. Risk factor for stroke
carotid endarterectomy
Surgical incision into the cranium to expose the brain tissue.
craniotomy
Surgical removal of part of all of a herniated nucleus pulposus from an intervertebral disk.
diskectomy
Procedure to insert a plastic tube to connect the ventricles of the brain to the peritoneal cavity.
ventriculo peritoneal shunt
Aspirin, non salicylate drugs, such as acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs. used to treat mild pain.
analgesic drugs
suppress inflammation in chronic pain conditions and multiple sclerosis.
corticosteroid drugs
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebralspinal fluid
CT, CAT
computed tomography
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
EEG
electroencephalogram
GCS
Glasgow coma scale
ICP
intracranial pressure
LP
lumbar puncture
MS
multiple sclerosis
NICU
neurological intensive care unit
TIA
transient ischemic attack
starts at the glomerular capsule then goes to the renal artery, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule and then to the collecting duct carrying the urine to the urethra. Peritubular capillaries surround the nephron.
process of making urine
also known as strep throat. It comes quickly. Can affect kidneys but you will know beforehand because you will get a rash
glomerulonephritis
an enlargement due to the kidneys holding urine. Can also lead to kidney stone. This is the aftermath of Nephrolithiasis which is kidney stones. The most common cause is calcium
hydronephrosis
a general word for any disease of the kidney, basically when the kidneys are infected.
nephropathy
a hereditary disease that has cysts in the kidneys. You are born with it, it stops the kidneys from working how they’re supposed to
polycystic kidney disease
an infection of the renal pelvis. It sits in the pelvis of the kidneys
pyelonephritis
when you lose function of the kidneys it is due to (main cause is diabetes)
renal failure
too much waste or too much urea in blood
uremia
a general name for inflammation or infection of the bladder. This is often caused by bacteria in the urethra.
cystitis
a hernia and it leads to a bulge in the bladder and in the muscular wall of the vagina or rectum. The bladder is falling either forward or backward.
cystocele
your bladder can’t empty on its own and your urine just sits there.
neurogenic bladder
when you frequently urinate and have involuntary contractions
overactive
If you can’t empty the bladder because of an obstruction you have
urinary retention
A congenital condition where the opening of the bladder is in the wrong spot is called
epispadias
a general term for inflammation or infection of urethra. This is a symptom of the STD gonorrhea
urethritis
absence of urine
anuria
presence of bacteria in urine
bacteriuria
difficult or painful urination
dysuria
involuntary release of urine (bedwetter)
enuresis
when you urinate often but in small amounts
frequency
glucose in urine
glycosuria
blood in urine
hematuria
not able to have a normal stream of urine, often dribbling
hesitancy
inability to keep urine in bladder
incontinence
often urination at night
nocturia
decreased urine production usually due to renal failure
oliguria
excessive urine production due to diabetes
polyuria
WBC in urine
pyuria
strong urge to urinate and a sense of pressure frequently
urgency
bacterial infection in the urinary tract, mostly caused by E. coli
UTI
is a test that is looking for any substance in urine
UA
an x-ray of the kidneys, uterus, and bladder without contrast dye
KUB
an x-ray using radiopaque dye. The cye is injected into the renal artery
renal angiography
When using ultra high-frequency sound waves to produce an image we call it an
ultrasonography
when you have to stick a tube up through the urethra in order for the patient to urinate. This is done because the patient is not able to urinate on their own
catheter
When you remove waste products from the blood of a patient who is currently suffering renal failure we call it
dialysis
when a nurse measures the total intake of fluid and then the output of fluid such as urine
I and O
a procedure when we are trying to correct stress urinary incontinence
Bladder neck suspension
is inserted through the urethra and is going to examine the bladder to make sure everything is how it is supposed to be
cystoscope
a procedure when you are taking out a kidney that doesn’t work properly and a new one is going in
kidney transplantation
when you use sound waves to break up kidney stones
lithotripsy
A procedure to surgically remove a kidney that is either diseased or cancerous is called a
nephrectomy
When making a small incision in the skin and an endoscope is inserted to remove a kidney stone that is embedded it is called a
nephrolithotomy
this blocks sodium from being absorbed from the tubule back into the blood
diuretic drug
this drug is basically just a pain reliever, in this case it is relieving pain on the mucosa of the urinary tract
analgesic drug
cc
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
C and S
culture and sensitivity
I and O
intake and output
IVP
intravenous pyelography
KUB
kidneys, uterus, bladder
mL
millileter
UTI
urinary tract infection
