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Medical Terminology > Med Term Chapter 9 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Med Term Chapter 9 - Urinary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the urinary system’s function?

A

Responsible for maintaining a stable internal environment for the body. Removes waste products, adjusts water and electrolyte levels, and maintains the correct pH.

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2
Q

Primary organs of the urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urethra, and urinary bladder

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3
Q

genitourinary system (GU)

A

organs of the urinary systems and female or male sexual organs

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4
Q

urine

A

fluid that remains in urinary system following three stages of urine production

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5
Q

three stages of urine production

A

filtration, reabsorption, and secretion

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6
Q

uremia

A

excess of urea and other nitrogenous waste in blood

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7
Q

nephrons

A

functional or working unit of kidney that filters blood and produces urine; more than 1 million in adult kidney; each consists of renal corpuscle and renal tubules

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8
Q

kidneys

A

two organs located in the lumbar region of back behind parietal peritoneum; have concave or depressed area that gives them bean-shaped appearance; center of this concavity is called hilum

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9
Q

ureters

A

organs in urinary system that transport urine from kidney to bladder

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10
Q

urinary bladder

A

organ in urinary system that stores urine

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11
Q

urethra

A

tube that leads from urinary bladder to outside of body; in male it is also used by reproductive system to release semen

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12
Q

retroperitoneal

A

pertaining to behind peritoneum; describes position of kidneys, which is outside of peritoneal sac alongside spine.

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13
Q

Hilum

A

controlled entry/exit of an organ such as kidney or lung

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14
Q

renal artery

A

artery that originates from abdominal aorta and carries blood to nephrons of kidney

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15
Q

renal vein

A

carries blood away from kidneys

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16
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of organ; refers to the outer layer of kidney

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17
Q

medulla

A

middle area of an organ; refers to the inner portion of kidney

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18
Q

renal pyramid

A

triangular-shaped region of renal medulla

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19
Q

renal papilla

A

tip of renal pyramid

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20
Q

calyx

A

duct that connects renal papilla to renal pelvis; urine flows from collecting tubule through calyx and into renal pelvis

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21
Q

renal pelvis

A

large collecting site for urine within kidney; collects urine from each calyx; urine leaves renal pelvis via ureter

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22
Q

renal corpuscle

A

part of a nephron; double-walled cuplike structure called glomerular capsule or Bowman’s capsule and contains capillary network called glomerulus; filtration stage of urine production occurs in corpuscle as wastes are filtered from blood in glomerulus and enter Bowman’s capsule.

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23
Q

renal tubule

A

network of tubes found in a nephron; consists of proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal tubule, and collecting tubule; where reabsorption and secretion stages of urine production occur; as glomerular filtrate passes through, most of water and some of dissolved substances, such as amino acids and electrocytes, are reabsorbed; at same time, Bowman’s capsule, such as urea, are secreted directly from bloodstream into renal tubule; filtrate that reaches collecting tubule becomes urine

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24
Q

glomerular capsule/bowman’s capsule

A

part of renal corpuscle; double-walled cuplike structure that encircles glomerulus; within filtration stage of urine production, waste products filtered from blood enter capsule as glomerular filtrate.

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25
Q

glomerulus

A

ball of capillaries encased by Bowman’s capsule; within filtration stage of urine production, wastes filtered from blood leave glomerulus capillaries and enter Bowman’s capsule.

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26
Q

afferent arteriole

A

arteriole that carries blood into glomerulus

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27
Q

efferent arteriole

A

arteriole that carries blood away from glomerulus

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28
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

portion of renal tubule

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29
Q

nephron loop

A

portion of renal tubule; also called loop of Henle

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30
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

portion of renal tubule

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31
Q

collecting tubule

A

portion of renal tubule

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32
Q

rugae

A

prominent folds in mucosa of the urinary bladder that allow for stretch

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33
Q

urination

A

release of urine from urinary bladder; also called micturition or voiding

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34
Q

internal sphincter

A

ring of involuntary muscle that keeps urine within bladder

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35
Q

external sphincter

A

ring of voluntary muscle that controls emptying of urine from bladder

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36
Q

urinary meatus

A

external opening of urethra

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37
Q

homeostasis

A

steady state or state of balance within body; kidneys assist in maintaining this

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38
Q

electrolyte

A

chemical compound that separated into charged particles or ionizes, in solution

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39
Q

What do kidneys regulate?

A

balance of water in the body, electrolytes, pH,

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40
Q

filtration

A

first stage of urine production during which waste products are filtered from blood

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41
Q

reabsorption

A

second phase of urine production; substances needed by body are reabsorbed as filtrate passes through kidney tubules

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42
Q

secretion

A

third phase of urine production; additional waste products are added to filtrate as it passes through kidney tubules

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43
Q

glomerular filtrate

A

product of filtration stage of urine production; water, electrolytes, nutrients, wastes, and toxins that are filtered from blood passing through glomerulus; filtrate enters Bowman’s capsule

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44
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

capillary bed surrounding renal tubules

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45
Q

nitrogenous wastes

A

waste products that contain nitrogen; products such as ammonia and urea, are produced during protein metabolism

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46
Q

albumin

A

protein normally found circulating in bloodstream; it is abnormal for it to be in urine

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47
Q

urinalysis (U/A, UA)

A

laboratory test consisting of physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine

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48
Q

specific gravity (SG, sp. gr.)

A

characteristic of urine that indicates amount of dissolved substances in urine

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49
Q

normal color

A

straw-colored, pale yellow to deep gold

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50
Q

normal odor

A

aromatic

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51
Q

normal appearance

A

clear

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52
Q

normal specific gravity

A

1.001-1.030

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53
Q

normal pH

A

5.0-8.0

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54
Q

normal protein

A

negative to trace

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55
Q

normal glucose, ketones, and blood

A

none

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56
Q

abnormal color

A

color varies depending on patient’s fluid intake and output or medication; brown or black urine color indicates a serious disease process

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57
Q

abnormal odor

A

fetid or foul odor may indicate infection, while fruity odor may be found in diabetes mellitus, dehydration, or starvation; other odors may be due to medication or foods

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58
Q

abnormal appearance

A

cloudiness may mean that infection is present

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59
Q

abnormal specific gravity

A

concentrated urine has a higher gravity; dilute urine, such as can be found with diabetes insipidus, acute tubular necrosis, or salt-restricted diets, has a lower gravity

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60
Q

abnormal pH

A

value below 7 (acidic) is common in urinary tract infections, metabolic or respiratory acidosis, diets high in fruits or vegetables, or administration of some drugs; pH higher than 7 (base or alkaline) is common in metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, fever, high-protein diets, and taking ascorbic acid

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61
Q

abnormal protein

A

protein in urine indicates glomerulonephritis or preeclampsia in a pregnant woman

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62
Q

abnormal glucose

A

small amounts of glucose present may be a result of eating a high-carbohydrate meal, stress, pregnancy, medications such as aspirin or corticosteroids; higher levels may indicate poorly controlled diabetes, Crushing’s syndrome, or infection

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63
Q

abnormal ketones

A

presence of ketones may indicate poorly controlled diabetes, dehydration, starvation, or ingestion of large amounts of aspirin

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64
Q

abnormal blood

A

blood may indicate glomerulonephritis, cancer of urinary tract, some types of anemia, medications (blood thinners), arsenic poisoning, reactions to transfusion, trauma, burns, and convulsions

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65
Q

azot/o

A

nitrogenous waste

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66
Q

bacteri/o

A

bacteria

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67
Q

bi/o

A

life

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68
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

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69
Q

corpor/o

A

body

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70
Q

cyst/o

A

bladder, pouch

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71
Q

glomerul/o

A

glomerulus

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72
Q

glycos/o

A

sugar

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73
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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74
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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75
Q

hydr/o

A

water

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76
Q

iatr/o

A

medicine

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77
Q

idi/o

A

distinctive

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78
Q

keton/o

A

ketones

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79
Q

lith/o

A

stone

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80
Q

meat/o

A

meatus

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81
Q

necr/o

A

death

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82
Q

nephr/o

A

kidney

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83
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

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84
Q

noct/i

A

night

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85
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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86
Q

peritone/o

A

peritoneum

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87
Q

protein/o

A

protein

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88
Q

py/o

A

pus

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89
Q

pyel/o

A

renal pelvis

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90
Q

ren/o

A

kidney

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91
Q

tox/o

A

poison

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92
Q

ur/o

A

urine

93
Q

ureter/o

A

ureter

94
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

95
Q

urin/o

A

urine

96
Q

ven/o

A

vein

97
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

98
Q

-algia

A

pain

99
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

100
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

101
Q

-cele

A

protrusion

102
Q

-eal

A

pertaining to

103
Q

-ectasis

A

dilated

104
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

105
Q

-emia

A

blood condition

106
Q

-genic

A

producing

107
Q

-gram

A

record

108
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

109
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

110
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

111
Q

-lith

A

stone

112
Q

-lithiasis

A

condition of stones

113
Q

-logy

A

study of

113
Q

-lysis

A

to destroy (to break down)

114
Q

-malacia

A

abnormal softening

114
Q

-megaly

A

enlarged

115
Q

-meter

A

instrument to measure

116
Q

-oma

A

tumor

117
Q

-ory

A

pertaining to

118
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

119
Q

-ostomy

A

surgically create an opening

120
Q

-otomy

A

cutting into

121
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

122
Q

-pathy

A

disease

123
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

124
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

125
Q

-ptosis

A

drooping

126
Q

-rrhagia

A

abnormal glow condition

127
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening

128
Q

-scope

A

instrument to visually examine

129
Q

-scopy

A

process of visually examining

130
Q

-stenosis

A

narrowing

131
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

132
Q

-tripsy

A

surgical crushing

133
Q

-uria

A

urine condition

134
Q

an-

A

without

135
Q

anti-

A

against

136
Q

dys-

A

painful, difficult

137
Q

extra-

A

outside of

138
Q

intra-

A

within

139
Q

poly-

A

many

140
Q

retro-

A

backward

141
Q

cystic

A

pertaining to bladder

142
Q

glomerular

A

pertaining to a glomerulus

143
Q

meatal

A

pertaining to meatus

144
Q

pyelitic

A

pertaining to renal pelvis

145
Q

renal

A

pertaining to kidney

146
Q

ureteral

A

pertaining to ureter

147
Q

urethral

A

pertaining to urethra

148
Q

urinary

A

pertaining to urine

149
Q

nephrology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the kdiney

150
Q

urology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the urinary system

151
Q

anuria

A

completer suppression of urine formed by the kidneys and a complete lack of urine excretion

152
Q

azotemia

A

accumulation of nitrogenous waste in bloodstream; occurs when the kidney fails to filter these wastes from the blood

153
Q

bacteriuria

A

presence of bacteria in the urine

154
Q

cystalgia

A

urinary bladder pain

155
Q

cystolith

A

bladder stone

156
Q

cystorrhagia

A

abnormal bleeding from the urinary bladder

157
Q

dysuria

A

difficult or painful urination

158
Q

glycosuria

A

presence of sugar in the urine

159
Q

hematuria

A

presence of blood in the urine

160
Q

ketonuria

A

presence of ketones in urine; occurs when body burns fat instead of glucose for energy

161
Q

nephrolith

A

kidney stone

162
Q

nephromalacia

A

kidney is abnormally soft

163
Q

nephromegaly

A

kidney is enlarged

164
Q

nephrosclerosis

A

kidney tissue has become hardened

165
Q

nocturia

A

having to urinate frequently during the night

166
Q

oliguria

A

producing too little urine

167
Q

polyuria

A

producing unusually large volume of urine

168
Q

proteinuria

A

presence of protein in urine

169
Q

pyuria

A

presence of pus in urine

170
Q

uremia

A

accumulation of waste products in bloodstream

171
Q

ureterectasis

A

ureter is stretched out or dilated

172
Q

ureterolith

A

stone in the ureter

173
Q

ureterostenosis

A

ureter has become narrow

174
Q

urethralgia

A

urethral pain

175
Q

urethrorrhagia

A

abnormal bleeding from the urethra

176
Q

urethrostenosis

A

urethra has become narrow

177
Q

glomerulonephritis

A

inflammation of the kidney (primarily the glomerulus); since the glomerular membrane is inflamed, it becomes more permeable and will allow protein and blood cells to enter the filtrate; results in protein in urine

178
Q

hydronephrosis

A

distention of the renal pelvis due to urine collecting in the kidney

179
Q

nephritis

A

kidney inflammation

180
Q

nephrolithiasis

A

presence of stones in the kidney; usually begins with solidification of salts present in urine

181
Q

nephroma

A

kidney tumor

182
Q

nephropathy

A

kidney disease

183
Q

nephroptosis

A

downward displacement of the kidney out its normal location

184
Q

polycystic kidneys

A

formation of multiple cysts within kidney tissue

185
Q

pyelitis

A

renal pelvis inflammation

186
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney

187
Q

renal cell carcinoma

A

cancerous tumor that arises from kidney tubule cells

188
Q

cystitis

A

urinary bladder inflammation

189
Q

cystocele

A

protrusion of the urinary bladder into wall of the vagina

190
Q

neurogenic bladder

A

loss of nervous control that leads to retention

191
Q

urinometer

A

instrument to measure specific gravity of urine; part of urinalysis

192
Q

cystogram

A

x-ray record of the urinary bladder

193
Q

cystography

A

process of instilling contrast material or dye into the bladder by catheter to visualize the urinary bladder on x-ray

194
Q

intravenous pyelography

A

diagnostic x-ray procedure in which dye is injected into vein and then x-rays are taken to visualize the renal pelvis as dye is removed by the kidney

195
Q

nephrogram

A

x-ray record of the kidney

196
Q

pyelogram

A

x-ray record of the renal pelvis

197
Q

cystoscope

A

instrument used to visually examine inside of the urinary bladder

198
Q

cystoscopy

A

visual examination of the urinary bladder using an instrument

199
Q

urethroscope

A

instrument to visually examine inside of the urethra

200
Q

cystectomy

A

surgical removal of the urinary bladder

201
Q

cystopexy

A

surgical fixation of the urinary bladder

202
Q

cystoplasty

A

to repair a defect in the urinary bladder by surgical means

203
Q

cystostomy

A

to surgically create opening into the urinary bladder through the abdominal wall

204
Q

cystotomy

A

to cut into the urinary bladder

205
Q

lithotomy

A

to cut into an organ for purpose of removing a stone

206
Q

lithotripsy

A

physical destruction of a stone in urinary system by crushing or sound waves

207
Q

meatotomy

A

to cut into the meatus in order to enlarge opening of the urethra

208
Q

nephrectomy

A

surgical removal of a kidney

209
Q

nephrolithotomy

A

to cut into the kidney in order to remove stones

210
Q

nephropexy

A

surgical fixation of a kidney to anchor it in its normal anatomical position

211
Q

nephrostomy

A

to surgically create an opening into the kidney through the abdominal wall

212
Q

nephrotomy

A

to cut into the kidney

213
Q

pyeloplasty

A

to repair the renal pelvis by surgical means

214
Q

iatrogenic

A

usually unfavorable response resulting from physician’s actions, taking of medication or a treatment

215
Q

antibiotic

A

used to treat bacterial infections of the urinary tract

216
Q

ARF

A

acute renal failure; inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia

217
Q

cath

A

catheterization; insertion of tube through the urethra and into the urinary bladder for purpose of withdrawing urine or inserting dye

218
Q

U/A, UA

A

urinalysis

219
Q

KUB

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder; x-ray taken of the abdomen demonstrating kidneys, ureters, and bladder without using any contrast dye

220
Q

BUN

A

blood urea nitrogen; blood test to measure kidney function by level of nitrogenous waste (urea) in the blood

221
Q

ESWL

A

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy; use of ultrasound waves from outside the body to break up stones, not invasive surgery

222
Q

CRF

A

chronic renal failure; inability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood resulting in uremia

223
Q

H20

A

water

224
Q

K+

A

potassium

225
Q

Na+

A

sodium

226
Q

UTI

A

urinary tract infection; infection, usually from bacteria, of any organ of the urinary system

Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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