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Medical Terminology > Med Term Chapter 10 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Med Term Chapter 10 - Reproductive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the female reproductive system function?

A

produces ova (the female reproductive cells), provides a location for fertilization and growth of a baby, and secretes female sex hormones. The breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn.

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2
Q

female primary organs

A

ovaries, vagina, uterine tubes, vulva, uterus, breasts

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3
Q

ova

A

female sex cells or gametes produced in ovary; ovum fuses with sperm to produce embryo; singular is ovum; also called oocyte

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4
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of ova and sperm to produce embryo; also called conception

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5
Q

pregnancy

A

time from fertilization of ovum to birth of newborn

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6
Q

breasts

A

milk-producing glands to provide nutrition for newborn; also called mammary glands

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7
Q

sex hormones

A

secreted by gonads and adrenal cortex; estrogen and progesterone in females; testosterone in males

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8
Q

genitalia

A

male and female reproductive organs

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9
Q

uterus

A

also called womb; internal organ of female reproductive system; hollow, pear-shaped organ located in lower pelvic cavity between urinary bladder and rectum; receives fertilized ovum and becomes implanted in uterine wall, which provides nourishment and protection for developing fetus; divided into three regions: fundus, corpus, and cervix

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10
Q

ovaries

A

female gonads; two glands located on either side of lower abdominopelvic region of female; responsible for production of sex cells, ova, and hormones estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

uterine tubes

A

carry ovum from ovary to uterus; also called fallopian tubes or oviducts

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12
Q

vagina

A

organ in female reproductive system that receives penis and semen

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13
Q

vulva

A

external female genitalia; consists of Bartholin’s glands, labia majora, labia minora, and clitoris

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14
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

hormone secreted by anterior pituitary gland; stimulates growth of eggs in females and sperm in males

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15
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

secreted by anterior pituitary; regulates function of male and female gonads and plays a role in releasing ova in females

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16
Q

ovulation

A

release of an ovum from ovary

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17
Q

estrogen

A

one of hormones produced by ovaries; works with progesterone to control menstrual cycle and is responsible for producing secondary sexual characteristics

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18
Q

progesterone

A

one of hormones produced by ovaries; works with estrogen to control menstrual cycle

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19
Q

fimbriae

A

fingerlike extensions on end of uterine tubes; drape over each ovary in order to direct ovum into uterine tube after being expelled by ovary

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20
Q

anteflexion

A

while uterus is normally in this position, exaggeration of forward bend of uterus is abnormal; forward bend is near neck of uterus; position of cervix, or opening of uterus, remains normal

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21
Q

perimetrium

A

outer layer of uterus

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22
Q

fundus

A

domed upper portion of organ such as uterus

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23
Q

corpus

A

body or central position of uterus

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24
Q

cervix

A

narrow, distal portion of uterus that joins to vagina

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25
Q

endometrium

A

inner lining of uterus; contains rich blood supply and reacts to hormonal changes every month, which results in menstruation; during pregnancy, lining of uterus does not leave body but remains to nourish unborn child

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26
Q

myometrium

A

middle muscle layer of uterus; assists in propelling the fetus through the birth canal at delivery

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27
Q

menstruation/menstrual period

A

loss of blood and tissue as endometrium is shed by uterus; flow exits body through cervix and vagina; flow occurs approximately every 28 days

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28
Q

puberty

A

series of events leading up to a child becoming capable of reproduction

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29
Q

menarche

A

first menstrual period

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30
Q

menopause

A

cessation or ending of menstrual activity; generally between ages of 40 and 55

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31
Q

hymen

A

thin membranous tissue that covers external vaginal opening or orifice; broken during first sexual encounter of female; can also be broken prematurely by use of tampons or during some sports activities

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32
Q

vaginal orifice

A

external vaginal opening; may be covered by hymen

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33
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

glands located on either side of vaginal opening that secrete mucus for vaginal lubrication

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34
Q

labia majora

A

outer folds of skin that serves as protection for female external genitalia and urethral meatus

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35
Q

labia minora

A

inner folds of skin that serve as protection for female external genitalia and urethral meatus

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36
Q

urinary meatus

A

external opening of urethra

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37
Q

clitoris

A

small organ containing erectile tissue covered by labia minora; contains sensitive tissue around during sexual stimulation and is similar to penis in male

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38
Q

erectile tissue

A

tissue with numerous blood vessels and nerve endings; becomes filled with blood and enlarges in size in response to sexual stimulation

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39
Q

perineum

A

in male, external region between scrotum and anus; in female, external region between vagina and anus

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40
Q

lactation

A

function of secreting milk after childbirth from breasts or mammary glands

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41
Q

nurse

A

to breastfeed a baby

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42
Q

lactiferous glands

A

milk-producing glands in breasts

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43
Q

nipple

A

point at which milk is released from breast

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44
Q

lactiferous ducts

A

carry milk from milk-producing glands to nipple

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45
Q

areola

A

pigmented area around nipple of breast

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46
Q

gestation

A

length of time from conception to birth, generally nine months; calculated from first day to last menstrual period, with a range of from 259 days to 280 days

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47
Q

premature

A

infant born prior to 37 weeks of gestation

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48
Q

embryo

A

term to describe developing infant from fertilization until end of eighth week

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49
Q

fetus

A

term to describe developing newborn from end of eighth week until birth

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50
Q

placenta

A

also called afterbirth; organ attached to uterine wall composed of maternal and fetal tissues; oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and wastes are exchanged between mother and baby through this; baby is attached to it by way of umbilical cord

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51
Q

umbilical cord

A

extends from baby’s umbilicus (navel) to placenta; contains blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients from mother to baby and carbon dioxide and wastes from baby to mother

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52
Q

amnion

A

innermost of two membranous sacs surrounding fetus; amniotic sac contains amniotic fluid in which baby floats

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53
Q

chorion

A

outer of two membranous sacs surrounding fetus; helps to form placenta

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54
Q

amniotic fluid

A

fluid inside amniotic sac

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55
Q
A
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56
Q
A
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57
Q

labor

A

period of time beginning with uterine contractions and ending with birth of baby; there are three stages: dilation, expulsion, and placental stage

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58
Q

delivery

A

emergence of baby from birth canal

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59
Q

parturition

A

term for labor and delivery

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60
Q

dilation stage

A

first stage of labor; begins with uterine contractions that press fetus against cervix causing it to dilate to 10cm and become thin; thinning of cervix is called effacement

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61
Q

effacement

A

thinning of cervix during labor

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62
Q

expulsion stage

A

stage of labor and delivery during which baby is delivered

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63
Q

crowning

A

when head of baby is visible through vaginal opening; a sign that birth is imminent

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64
Q

breech birth

A

placement of fetus in which buttocks or feet are presented first for delivery rather than head

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65
Q

placental stage

A

third stage of labor, which takes place after delivery of infant; uterus resumes strong contractions and placenta detaches from uterine wall and is delivered through vagina

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66
Q

abdomin/o

A

abdomen

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67
Q

amni/o

A

amnion

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68
Q

bi/o

A

life

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69
Q

carcin/o

A

cancer

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70
Q

cervic/o

A

cervix

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71
Q

chori/o

A

chorion

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72
Q

colp/o

A

vagina

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73
Q

culd/o

A

cul-de-sac

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74
Q

cyst/o

A

urinary bladder

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75
Q

dilat/o

A

to widen

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76
Q

embry/o

A

embryo

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77
Q

episi/o

A

vulva

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78
Q

fet/o

A

fetus

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79
Q

fibr/o

A

fibers

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80
Q

gynec/o

A

female

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81
Q

hem/o

A

blood

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82
Q

hemat/o

A

blood

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83
Q

hymen/o

A

hymen

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84
Q

hyster/o

A

uterus

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85
Q

lact/o

A

milk

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86
Q

lapar/o

A

abdomen

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87
Q

later/o

A

side

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88
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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89
Q

mamm/o

A

breast

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90
Q

mast/o

A

breast

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91
Q

men/o

A

menstruation

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92
Q

metr/o

A

uterus

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93
Q

nat/o

A

birth

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94
Q

olig/o

A

scanty

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95
Q

oophor/o

A

ovary

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96
Q

or/o

A

mouth

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97
Q

ovari/o

A

ovary

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98
Q

pareun/o

A

sexual intercourse

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99
Q

pelv/o

A

pelvis

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100
Q

perine/o

A

perineum

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101
Q

py/o

A

pus

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102
Q

radic/o

A

root

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103
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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104
Q

salping/o

A

uterine tube

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105
Q

son/o

A

sound

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106
Q

tox/o

A

poison

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107
Q

uter/o

A

uterus

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108
Q

vagin/o

A

vagina

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109
Q

vulv/o

A

vulva

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110
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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111
Q

-algia

A

pain

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112
Q

-an

A

pertaining to

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113
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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114
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

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115
Q

-cele

A

protrusion

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116
Q

-centesis

A

puncture to withdraw fluid

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117
Q

-cyesis

A

pregnancy

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118
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

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119
Q

-emesis

A

vomiting

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120
Q

-gram

A

record

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121
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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122
Q

-gravida

A

pregnant woman

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123
Q

-ia

A

condition

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124
Q

-iasis

A

abnormal condition

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125
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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126
Q

-ine

A

pertaining to

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127
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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128
Q

-logy

A

study of

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129
Q

-lytic

A

destruction

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130
Q

-nic

A

pertaining to

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131
Q

-oid

A

resembling

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132
Q

-oma

A

tumor

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133
Q

-opsy

A

view of

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134
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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135
Q

-otomy

A

cutting into

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136
Q

-ous

A

pertaining to

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137
Q

-para

A

to bear

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138
Q

-partum

A

childbirth

139
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

140
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

141
Q

-rrhagia

A

abnormal flow condition

142
Q

-rrhaphy

A

suture

143
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge

144
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

145
Q

-salpinx

A

uterine tube

146
Q

-scope

A

instrument for viewing

147
Q

-scopy

A

process of viewing

148
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

149
Q

-tocia

A

labor and childbirth

150
Q

a-

A

without

151
Q

ante-

A

before

152
Q

bi-

A

two

153
Q

contra-

A

against

154
Q

dys-

A

painful

155
Q

endo-

A

inner, within

156
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

157
Q

in-

A

not

158
Q

intra-

A

within

159
Q

multi-

A

many

160
Q

neo-

A

new

161
Q

nulli-

A

none

162
Q

peri-

A

around

163
Q

post-

A

after

164
Q

pre-

A

before

165
Q

primi-

A

first

166
Q

pseudo-

A

false

167
Q

ultra-

A

beyond

168
Q

amniotic

A

pertaining to amnion

169
Q

cervical

A

pertaining to cervix

170
Q

chorionic

A

pertaining to chorion

171
Q

embryonic

A

pertaining to embryo

172
Q

endometrial

A

pertaining to inner lining of uterus

173
Q

fetal

A

pertaining to fetus

174
Q

fibrous

A

pertaining to having fibers

175
Q

lactic

A

pertaining to milk

176
Q

mammary

A

pertaining to breast

177
Q

ovarian

A

pertaining to ovary

178
Q

perineal

A

pertaining to perineum

179
Q

uterine

A

pertaining to uterus

180
Q

vaginal

A

pertaining to vagina

181
Q

vulvar

A

pertaining to vulva

182
Q

antepartum

A

period of time before birth

183
Q

multigravida

A

woman who has been pregnant many times

184
Q

multipara

A

woman who has given birth to live infant many times

185
Q

neonate

A

term for newborn baby

186
Q

nulligravida

A

woman who has not been pregnant

187
Q

nullipara

A

woman who has not given birth to a live infant

188
Q

postpartum

A

period of time shortly after birth

189
Q

primigravida

A

woman who is pregnant for the first time

190
Q

primipara

A

woman who has given birth to a live infant once

191
Q

gynecology

A

branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment of conditions of the female reproductive system

192
Q

neonatology

A

branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis and treatment of conditions involving newborns

193
Q

amenorrhea

A

condition of having no menstrual flow

194
Q

amniorrhea

A

flow of amniotic fluid when amnion ruptures

195
Q

dysmenorrhea

A

condition of having painful menstrual flow

196
Q

dyspareunia

A

condition of having painful sexual intercourse

197
Q

dystocia

A

difficult labor and childbirth

198
Q

hematosalpinx

A

presence of blood in a uterine tube

199
Q

leukorrhea

A

whitish or yellowish vaginal discharge

200
Q

mastalgia

A

breast pain

201
Q

menorrhagia

A

condition of having abnormally heavy menstrual flow during normal menstruation time

202
Q

metrorrhagia

A

term used to describe uterine bleeding between menstrual periods

203
Q

metrorrhea

A

having discharge from the uterus that is not the menstrual flow

204
Q

oligomenorrhea

A

condition of having light menstrual flow

205
Q

oophoritis

A

inflammation of the ovary

206
Q

ovarian carcinoma

A

cancer of the ovary

207
Q

pyosalpinx

A

presence of pus in a uterine tube

208
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of a uterine tube

209
Q

endocervicitis

A

inflammation that occurs within the cervix

210
Q

endometritis

A

inflammation of endometrium (inner layer of the uterine wall)

211
Q

hysterorrhexis

A

rupture of the uterus

212
Q

menometrorrhagia

A

excessive bleeding during menstrual period and at intervals between menstrual periods

213
Q

cystocele

A

hernia or outpouching of the bladder that protrudes into the vagina

214
Q

rectocele

A

protrusion or herniation of the rectum into the vagina

215
Q

vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina

216
Q

endometriosis

A

abnormal condition of endometrium tissue appearing throughout pelvis or on abdominal wall; tissue normally found within the uterus

217
Q

perimetritis

A

inflammation in pelvic cavity around outside of the uterus

218
Q

lactorrhea

A

discharge of milk from the breast other than normal lactation; any white discharge from a nipple

219
Q

mastitis

A

inflammation of the breast

220
Q

pseudocyesis

A

condition in which body reacts as if there is a pregnancy, but there is no pregnancy

221
Q

salpingocyesis

A

pregnancy that occurs in the uterine tube instead of in the uterus

222
Q

hysterosalpingography

A

taking of x-ray after injecting radiopaque material into uterus and uterine tubes

223
Q

mammogram

A

x-ray record of the breast

224
Q

mammography

A

x-ray to diagnose breast disease, especially breast cancer

225
Q

pelvic ultrasonography

A

use of high-frequency sound waves to produce image or photograph or an organ, such as uterus, ovaries, or fetus

226
Q

colposcope

A

instrument used to view inside the vagina

227
Q

colposcopy

A

examination of vagina using an instrument

228
Q

culdoscopy

A

examination of a blind pouch like area of the female pelvic cavity located posterior to the uterus, by introducing endoscope through wall of the vagina

229
Q

laparoscope

A

instrument used to view inside abdomen

230
Q

laparoscopy

A

examination of peritoneal cavity using an instrument

231
Q

amniocentesis

A

puncturing amniotic sac using needle and syringe for purpose of withdrawing amniotic fluid for testing

232
Q

cervical biopsy

A

taking a sample of tissue from the cervix to test for presence of cancer cells

233
Q

endometrial biopsy

A

taking a sample of tissue from lining of the uterus to test for abnormalities

234
Q

amniotomy

A

surgically cutting open the amnion; breaking the water

235
Q

cervicectomy

A

surgical removal of the cervix

236
Q

episiorrhaphy

A

to suture the perineum; postpartum procedure to repair episiotomy or any tearing of the perineum that occurred during birth

237
Q

episiotomy

A

surgical incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery process; can prevent irregular tearing of tissue during birth

238
Q

hymenectomy

A

surgical removal of the hymen

239
Q

hysterectomy

A

surgical removal of the uterus

240
Q

hysteropexy

A

to surgically anchor the uterus to its proper location in pelvic cavity

241
Q

laparotomy

A

to cut open abdomen; performed in order to complete other surgical procedures inside abdomen or performed during a c-section

242
Q

mammoplasty

A

surgical repair or reconstruction of the breast

243
Q

mastectomy

A

surgical removal of the breast

244
Q

oophorectomy

A

surgical removal of the ovary

245
Q

radical mastectomy

A

surgical removal of breast tissue plus chest muscles and axillary lymph nodes

246
Q

salpingectomy

A

surgical removal of a uterine tube

247
Q

vaginal hysterectomy

A

removal of the uterus through the vagina rather than through abdominal incision

248
Q

HDN

A

hemolytic disease of the newborn; condition developing in baby when mother’s blood type is Rh-negative and baby’s blood is Rh-positive

249
Q

Pap

A

Papanicolaou test; test for early detection of cancer of the cervix named after developer of test

250
Q

What is the male reproductive system?

A

responsible for producing sperm, the male reproductive cell, secreting the male sex hormones, and delivering sperm to the female reproductive tract

251
Q

primary organs in male reproductive system

A

testes, epididymis, penis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

252
Q

sperm

A

also called spermatozoon; male sex cell; one sperm fuses with ovum to produce a new being

253
Q

penis

A

male sex organ; composed of erectile tissue that becomes erect during sexual stimulation, allowing it to be placed within female vagina for ejaculation of semen; larger, soft tip is referred to as glans penis

254
Q

testes

A

male gonads; oval glands located in scrotum that produce sperm and male hormone, testosterone; also called testicles

255
Q

epididymis

A

coiled tubule that lies on top of testes within scrotum; stores sperm as they are produced and turns into vas deferens

256
Q

semen

A

contains sperm and fluids secreted by male reproductive system glands; leaves body through urethra

257
Q

genitourinary system (GU)

A

organs of the urinary system and female or male sexual organs

258
Q

seminal vesicles

A

two male reproductive system glands located at base of bladder; secrete fluid that nourishes sperm into vas deferens; fluid plus sperm constitutes much of semen

259
Q

vas deferens

A

also called ductus deferens; long, straight tube that carries sperm from epididymis up into pelvic cavity where it continues around bladder and empties into urethra; one component, along with nerves and blood vessels, of spermatic cord

260
Q

prostate gland

A

within male reproductive system produces fluids that nourish sperm

261
Q

bulbourethral gland

A

also called Cowper’s gland; these two small male reproductive system glands are located on either side of urethra just distal to prostate; secretion from these glands neutralize acidity in urethra and vagina

262
Q

spermatogenesis

A

formation of mature sperm

263
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

network of coiled tubes that make up bulk of testes; sperm development takes place in walls of tubules and mature sperm are released into tubule in order to leave testes

264
Q

scrotum

A

sac that serves as container for testes; divided by septum, supports testicles and lies between legs and behind penis

265
Q

androgen

A

class of steroid hormones secreted by adrenal cortex and testes; these hormones, such as testosterone, produce a masculinizing effect

266
Q

testosterone

A

male hormone produced in testes; responsible for growth and development of male reproductive organs

267
Q

erectile tissue

A

tissue with numerous blood vessels and nerve endings; becomes filled with blood and enlarges in size in response to sexual stimulation

268
Q

glans penis

A

larger and softer tip of penis; protected by covering called prepuce or foreskin

269
Q

prepuce/foreskin

A

protective covering over glands penis; this covering of skin is removed during circumcision

270
Q

circumcision

A

surgical removal of prepuce, or foreskin of penis; generally performed on newborn male at request of parents; primary reason is for ease of hygiene; also a ritual practice in some religions

271
Q

ejaculation

A

impulse of forcing seminal fluid from male urethra

272
Q

urinary meatus

A

external opening of urethra

273
Q

sphincter

A

ring of muscle around tubular organ; can contract to control opening of tube

274
Q

spermatic cord

A

term for cordlike collection of structures that include vas deferens, arteries, veins, nerves, and lymph vessels; cord suspends testes within scrotum

275
Q

andr/o

A

male

276
Q

balan/o

A

glans penis

277
Q

crypt/o

A

hidden

278
Q

epididym/o

A

epididymis

279
Q

genit/o

A

genital

280
Q

hydr/o

A

water

281
Q

immun/o

A

protection

282
Q

orch/o

A

testes

283
Q

orchi/o

A

testes

284
Q

orchid/o

A

testes

285
Q

pen/o

A

penis

286
Q

prostat/o

A

prostate gland

287
Q

spermat/o

A

sperm

288
Q

testicul/o

A

testes

289
Q

ur/o

A

urine

290
Q

urethr/o

A

urethra

291
Q

varic/o

A

dilated vein

292
Q

vas/o

A

vas deferens

293
Q

vesicul/o

A

seminal vesicle

294
Q

-cide

A

to kill

295
Q

-gen

A

that which produces

296
Q

-ile

A

pertaining to

297
Q

-ism

A

state of

298
Q

-lysis

A

to destroy

299
Q

-ostomy

A

surgically create an opening

300
Q

-plasia

A

formation of cells

301
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge

302
Q

-spermia

A

sperm condition

303
Q

an-

A

without

304
Q

anti-

A

against

305
Q

epi-

A

above

306
Q

hypo-

A

below

307
Q

trans-

A

across

308
Q

balanic

A

pertaining to the glans penis

309
Q

epididymal

A

pertaining to the epididymis

310
Q

penile

A

pertaining to the penis

311
Q

prostatic

A

pertaining to the prostate gland

312
Q

spermatic

A

pertaining to sperm

313
Q

testicular

A

pertaining to the testes

314
Q

vasal

A

pertaining to the vas deferens

315
Q

vesicular

A

pertaining to the seminal vesicle

316
Q

urology

A

branch of medicine involved in diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of urinary system and male reproductive system

317
Q

aspermia

A

condition of having no sperm

318
Q

balanorrhea

A

discharge from the glands penis

319
Q

oligospermia

A

condition of having too few sperm, making chances of fertilization very low

320
Q

spermatolysis

A

term that refers to anything that destroys sperm

321
Q

anorchism

A

absence of testes

322
Q

cryptorchidism

A

failure of the testes to descend into scrotal sac before birth

323
Q

hydrocele

A

accumulation of fluid around the testes or along the spermatic cord

324
Q

orchitis

A

inflammation of one or both testes

325
Q

testicular carcinoma

A

cancer of one or both testicles

326
Q

varicocele

A

enlargement of veins of the spermatic cord

327
Q

epididymitis

A

inflammation of the epididymis

328
Q

prostatitis

A

inflammation of the prostate gland

329
Q

balanitis

A

inflammation of the glans penis

330
Q

PSA

A

prostate-specific antigen; blood test to screen for prostate cancer

331
Q

DRE

A

digital rectum exam; manual examination for an enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating the prostate gland through wall of the rectum

332
Q

balanoplasty

A

surgical repair of the glans penis

333
Q

epididymectomy

A

surgical removal of the epididymis

334
Q

orchidectomy

A

surgical removal of one or both testes

335
Q

orchidopexy

A

surgical fixation to move undescended testes into the scrotum and to attach them to prevent retraction

336
Q

orchiectomy

A

surgical removal of one or both testes

337
Q

orchiotomy

A

to cut into the testes

338
Q

orchioplasty

A

surgical repair of the testes

339
Q

prostatectomy

A

surgical removal of the prostate gland

340
Q

vasectomy

A

removal of a segment or all of the vas deferens to prevent sperm from leaving male body

341
Q

vasovasostomy

A

surgical procedure to reconnect the vas deferens to reverse a vasectomy

342
Q

spermatocide

A

destroys sperm

343
Q

BPH

A

benign prostatic hyperplasia; noncancerous enlargement of the prostate gland commonly seen in males over age 50

Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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