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Medical Terminology > Med Term Chapter 13 - Special Senses: The Eye and Ear > Flashcards

Med Term Chapter 13 - Special Senses: The Eye and Ear Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What is the function of the eye?

A

contains sensory receptor cells for vision

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2
Q

primary structures of the eye

A

eyeball, sclera, choroid, retina, eye muscles, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus

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3
Q

ophthalmology

A

branch of medicine specializing in condition of eye

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4
Q

eyeball

A

eye by itself, without any appendages such as eye muscles or tear ducts

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5
Q

optic nerve

A

second cranial nerve that carries impulses from retina to brain

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6
Q

eye muscles

A

six muscles that connect eyeball to orbit cavity; allow for rotation of eyeball

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7
Q

eyelids

A

upper and lower folds of skin that provide protection from foreign particles, injury from sun and intense light, and trauma; both upper and lower edges have small hairs or cilia; in addition, sebaceous or oil glands are located in eyelids, which secrete lubricating oil

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8
Q

conjunctiva

A

protective mucous membrane lining on underside of each eyelid and across anterior surface of each eyeball

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9
Q

lacrimal apparatus

A

consists of lacrimal gland, lacrimal canals, and nasolacrimal duct

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10
Q

orbit

A

opening in skull formed by portions of frontal, zygomatic, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, lacrimal, and palatine bones; houses and protects eyeball

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11
Q

sclera

A

tough protective outer layer of eyeball; commonly referred to as “white of eye”

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12
Q

choroid

A

middle layer of eyeball; provides blood supply for eye

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13
Q

retina

A

innermost layer of eye; contains visual receptors called rods and cones that receive light impulses and transmit them to brain via optic nerve

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14
Q

cornea

A

portion of sclera that is clear and transparent and allows light to enter interior of eye; also plays role in bending light rays

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15
Q

refract

A

bending of light rays as they enter eye

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16
Q

iris

A

colored portion of eye; can dilate or constrict to change size of pupil and control amount of light entering interior of eye

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17
Q

pupil

A

hole in center of iris; size is changed by iris dilating or constricting

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18
Q

ciliary body

A

intraocular eye muscles that change shape of the lens

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19
Q

lens

A

transparent structure behind pupil and iris; functions to bend light rays so they land on retina

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20
Q

suspensory ligaments

A

attaches lens to ciliary body

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21
Q

rods

A

sensory receptors of retina that are active in dim light and do not perceive color

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22
Q

cones

A

sensory receptors of retina that are active in bright light and see in color

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23
Q

macula lutea

A

area of retina onto which straight-ahead images are projected

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24
Q

fovea centralis

A

area of retina that has sharpest vision

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25
Q

optic disk

A

area of retina associated with optic nerve; also called the blind spot

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26
Q

retinal blood vessels

A

blood vessels that supply oxygen to rods and cones of retina

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27
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery fluid filling spaces between cornea and lens

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28
Q

vitreous humor

A

transparent jellylike substance inside eyeball

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29
Q

rectus muscles

A

rectus means straight; four of the eye muscles are these; move straight down, up, right and left

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30
Q

oblique muscles

A

oblique means “slanted”; two eye muscles are these; move at an angle

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31
Q

eyelashes/cilia

A

along upper and lower edges of eyelids; protect eye from foreign particles

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32
Q

sebaceous glands

A

also called oil glands; produce substance called sebum that lubricates skin surfaces and eyeball

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33
Q

mucous membrane

A

membrane that lines body passages that open directly to exterior of body, such as mouth and reproductive tract; secretes thick substance, or mucus; conjunctiva of eye is also a mucous membrane

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34
Q

lacrimal gland

A

located in outer corner of each eyelid; washes anterior surface of eye with fluid called tears

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35
Q

tears

A

fluid that washes and lubricates anterior surface of eyeball

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36
Q

lacrimal canals

A

located in inner corner of eye socket; collect tears and drain them into lacrimal sac

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37
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

collects tears from inner corner of eye socket and drains them into nasal cavity

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38
Q

nasal cavity

A

larger cavity just behind external nose that receives outside air; covered with mucous membrane to cleanse air; nasal septum divides nasal cavity into left and right halves

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39
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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40
Q

ambly/o

A

dull, dim

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41
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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42
Q

bi/o

A

life

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43
Q

blast/o

A

immature

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44
Q

blephar/o

A

eyelid

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45
Q

chromat/o

A

color

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46
Q

conjunctiv/o

A

conjunctiva

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47
Q

corne/o

A

cornea

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48
Q

cry/o

A

cold

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49
Q

cycl/o

A

ciliary body

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50
Q

cyst/o

A

sac

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51
Q

dacry/o

A

tears

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52
Q

dipl/o

A

double

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53
Q

emmetr/o

A

correct, proper

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54
Q

esthesi/o

A

sensation, feeling

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55
Q

glauc/o

A

gray

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56
Q

ir/o

A

iris

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57
Q

irid/o

A

iris

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58
Q

kerat/o

A

cornea

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59
Q

lacrim/o

A

tears

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60
Q

macul/o

A

macula lutea

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61
Q

mi/o

A

lessening

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62
Q

myc/o

A

fungus

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63
Q

mydr/i

A

widening

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64
Q

nyctal/o

A

night

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65
Q

ocul/o

A

eye

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66
Q

ophthalm/o

A

eye

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67
Q

opt/o

A

eye, vision

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68
Q

optic/o

A

eye, vision

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69
Q

papill/o

A

optic disk

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70
Q

phac/o

A

lens

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71
Q

phot/o

A

light

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72
Q

pneum/o

A

air

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73
Q

presby/o

A

old age

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74
Q

pupill/o

A

pupil

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75
Q

retin/o

A

retina

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76
Q

scler/o

A

sclera

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77
Q

stigmat/o

A

point

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78
Q

ton/o

A

tone

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79
Q

uve/o

A

choroid

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80
Q

xer/o

A

dry

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81
Q

-al

A

pertaining to

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82
Q

-algia

A

pain

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83
Q

-ar

A

pertaining to

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84
Q

-ary

A

pertaining to

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85
Q

-atic

A

pertaining to

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86
Q

-ectomy

A

surgical removal

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87
Q

-edema

A

swelling

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88
Q

-graphy

A

process of recording

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89
Q

-ia

A

condition

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90
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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91
Q

-ician

A

specialist

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92
Q

-ism

A

state of

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93
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

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94
Q

-logy

A

study of

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95
Q

-malacia

A

abnormal softening

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96
Q

-meter

A

instrument to measure

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97
Q

-metrist

A

specialist in measuring

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98
Q

-metry

A

process of measuring

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99
Q

-oma

A

tumor; mass

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100
Q

-opia

A

vision condition

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101
Q

-opsia

A

vision condition

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102
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

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103
Q

-otomy

A

cutting into

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104
Q

-pathy

A

disease

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105
Q

-pexy

A

surgical fixation

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106
Q

-phobia

A

fear

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107
Q

-plasty

A

surgical repair

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108
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

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109
Q

-ptosis

A

drooping

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110
Q

-rrhagia

A

abnormal flow condition

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111
Q

-scope

A

instrument for viewing

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112
Q

-scopy

A

process of visually examining

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113
Q

-tic

A

pertaining to

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114
Q

-tropia

A

turned condtion

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115
Q

a-

A

without

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116
Q

an-

A

without

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117
Q

anti-

A

against

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118
Q

de-

A

without

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119
Q

eso-

A

inward

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120
Q

exo-

A

outward

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121
Q

extra-

A

outside of

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122
Q

hemi-

A

half

123
Q

hyper-

A

excessive

124
Q

intra-

A

within

125
Q

micro-

A

small

126
Q

mono-

A

one

127
Q

myo-

A

to shut

128
Q

conjunctival

A

pertaining to conjunctiva

129
Q

corneal

A

pertaining to cornea

130
Q

extraocular

A

pertaining to being outside the eyeball

131
Q

intraocular

A

pertaining to within the eye

132
Q

iridal

A

pertaining to iris

133
Q

lacrimal

A

pertaining to tears

134
Q

macular

A

pertaining to macula lutea

135
Q

ocular

A

pertaining to eye

136
Q

ophthalmic

A

pertaining to eye

137
Q

optic

A

pertaining to eye or vision

138
Q

optical

A

pertaining to eye or vision

139
Q

pupillary

A

pertaining to pupil

140
Q

retinal

A

pertaining to retina

141
Q

scleral

A

pertaining to sclera

142
Q

uveal

A

pertaining to choroid layer of eye

143
Q

optician

A

vision specialist trained in grinding and fitting corrective lenses

144
Q

optometrist

A

doctor of optometry

145
Q

optometry

A

medical profession specializing in examining the eyes, testing visual acuity, and prescribing corrective lenses

146
Q

blepharoptosis

A

drooping eyelid

147
Q

cycloplegia

A

paralysis of ciliary body that, in turn, changes shape of lens and makes it difficult to bring images into focus

148
Q

diplopia

A

condition of seeing double

149
Q

emmetropia

A

state of normal vision

150
Q

iridoplegia

A

paralysis of the iris that, in turn, changes size of the pupil and makes it difficult to regulate amount of light entering the eye

151
Q

nyctalopia

A

difficult seeing in dim light

152
Q

ophthalmalgia

A

eye pain

153
Q

ophthalmoplegia

A

paralysis of one or more of the extraocular eye muscles

154
Q

ophthalmorrhagia

A

bleeding from the eye

155
Q

papilledema

A

swelling of the optic disk

156
Q

photophobia

A

strong sensitivity to bright light

157
Q

presbyopia

A

expected changes in vision due to normal aging process

158
Q

scleromalacia

A

softening of the sclera

159
Q

xerophthalmia

A

condition of dry eyes

160
Q

achromatopsia

A

severe congenital deficiency in color vision

161
Q

amblyopia

A

occurs in patients who see two images; in order to see only one image, the brain will no longer recognize image being sent to it by one of the eyes

162
Q

astigmatism

A

condition in which light rays are focused unevenly on the retina causing distorted image

163
Q

glaucoma

A

increase in intraocular pressure, which, if untreated, may result in atrophy of optic nerve and blindness

164
Q

hyperopia

A

with this condition person can see things in distance but has trouble reading material at close range

165
Q

iritis

A

inflammation of the iris

166
Q

keratitis

A

inflammation of the cornea

167
Q

monochromatism

A

unable to perceive one color

168
Q

myopia

A

with this condition person can see things close up by distance vision is blurred

169
Q

oculomycosis

A

fungus infection of the eye

170
Q

retinoblastoma

A

malignant eye tumor occurring in children

171
Q

retinopathy

A

general term for disease affecting the retina

172
Q

scleritis

A

inflammation of the sclera

173
Q

uveitis

A

inflammation of the choroid layer

174
Q

conjunctivitis

A

inflammation of the conjunctiva usually as result of bacterial infection

175
Q

blepharitis

A

inflammation of the eyelid

176
Q

dacryoadenitis

A

inflammation of the lacrimal gland

177
Q

dacryocystitis

A

inflammation of the lacrimal sac

178
Q

esotropia

A

inward turning of the eye

179
Q

exotropia

A

outward turning of the eye

180
Q

hemianopia

A

loss of vision in half of visual field

181
Q

keratometer

A

instrument used to measure curvature of the cornea

182
Q

keratometry

A

measurement of curvature of the cornea using an instrument

183
Q

ophthalmoscope

A

instrument used to examine inside of the eye through the pupil

184
Q

ophthalmoscopy

A

examination of interior of the eyes using an instrument

185
Q

optometer

A

instrument used to measure how well the eye is able to focus images clearly on the retina

186
Q

tonometry

A

measurement of intraocular pressure of the eye using tonometer to check for condition of glaucoma

187
Q

blepharectomy

A

surgical removal of all or part of the eyelid

188
Q

blepharoplasty

A

surgical repair of the eyelid

189
Q

conjunctivoplasty

A

surgical repair of the conjunctiva

190
Q

cryopexy

A

surgical fixation of the retina by using extreme cold

191
Q

iridectomy

A

surgical removal of a small portion of the iris

192
Q

iridosclerotomy

A

to cut into iris and sclera

193
Q

keratoplasty

A

surgical repair of the cornea

194
Q

pneumatic retinopexy

A

surgical injection of gas bubble into the eye and positioning the head so that bubble presses against area of detached retina

195
Q

retinopexy

A

surgical fixation of the retina

196
Q

sclerotomy

A

to cut into the sclera

197
Q

What is the function of the ear?

A

contains the sensory receptors for hearing and equilibrium

198
Q

primary structures of ears

A

external ear, middle ear, auricle, inner ear

199
Q

otology

A

study of ear

200
Q

audiology

A

study of hearing

201
Q

hearing

A

one of special senses; sound waves detected by ear

202
Q

equilibrium

A

sense of balance

203
Q

vestibulocochlear nerve

A

eighth cranial nerve; responsible for hearing and balance

204
Q

cochlear nerve

A

branch of vestibulocochlear nerve that carries hearing information to brain

205
Q

vestibular nerve

A

branch of vestibulocochlear nerve responsible for sending equilibrium information to brain

206
Q

external ear

A

outermost portion of ear; consists of auricle, auditory canal, and eardrum

207
Q

middle ear

A

middle section of ear; consists ossicles

208
Q

inner ear

A

innermost section of ear; contains cochlea, semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle

209
Q

auricle

A

also called pinna; external ear; functions to capture sound waves as they go past outer ear

210
Q

auditory canal

A

canal that leads from external opening of ear to eardrum

211
Q

tympanic membrane

A

also called eardrum; as sound moves along auditory canal, it strikes the membrane causing it to vibrate; this conducts sound wave into middle ear

212
Q

external auditory meatus

A

opening into external ear canal

213
Q

cerumen

A

also called earwax; thick, waxy substance produced by oil glands in auditory canal; helps to protect and lubricate ear

214
Q

ossicles

A

three small bones in middle ear; bones are incus, malleus, and stapes; they amplify and conduct sound waves to inner ear

215
Q

malleus

A

one of three ossicles of middle ear; also called hammer

216
Q

incus

A

one of three ossicles of middle ear; also called anvil

217
Q

stapes

A

one of three ossicles of middle ear; attached to oval window leading to inner ear; also called stirrup

218
Q

oval window

A

division between middle and inner ear

219
Q

eustachian/auditory tube

A

tube or canal that connects middle ear with nasopharynx and allows for balance of pressure between outer and middle ear; infection can travel via mucous membranes of tube, resulting in middle ear infections

220
Q

labyrinth

A

refers to inner ear; several fluid-filled cavities within temporal bone, consists of cochlea, vestibule, and three semicircular canals; hair cells called organ of Corti line inner ear

221
Q

vestibule

A

inner ear structure of which the cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule open

222
Q

cochlea

A

portion of labyrinth associated with hearing; rolled in shape of snail shell; lined by organ of Corti

223
Q

semicircular canals

A

portion of labyrinth associated with balance and equilibrium

224
Q

utricle

A

found in inner ear; plays role in equilibrium

225
Q

saccule

A

found in inner ear; plays role in equilibrium

226
Q

Organ of Corti

A

sensory receptor hair cells lining cochlea; these cells change sound vibrations to electrical impulses and send impulses to brain via vestibulocochlear nerve

227
Q

conductive hearing loss

A

loss of hearing as a result of blocking of sound transmission in middle ear and outer ear

228
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A

type of hearing loss in which sound is conducted normally through external and middle ear but there is a defect in inner ear or with cochlear nerve, resulting in inability to hear

229
Q

acous/o

A

hearing

230
Q

audi/o

A

hearing

231
Q

audit/o

A

hearing

232
Q

aur/o

A

ear

233
Q

auricul/o

A

ear

234
Q

cerumin/o

A

cerumen

235
Q

cochle/o

A

cochlea

236
Q

labyrinth/o

A

labyrinth

237
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx

238
Q

myring/o

A

tympanic membrane

239
Q

neur/o

A

nerve

240
Q

ot/o

A

ear

241
Q

py/o

A

pus

242
Q

rhin/o

A

nose

243
Q

salping/o

A

auditory tube

244
Q

staped/o

A

stapes

245
Q

tympan/o

A

tympanic membrane

246
Q

vestibul/o

A

vestibule

247
Q

-cusis

A

hearing

248
Q

-emetic

A

pertaining to vomiting

249
Q

-ory

A

pertaining to

250
Q

-otia

A

ear condition

251
Q

-rrhea

A

discharge

252
Q

-rrhexis

A

rupture

253
Q

-sclerosis

A

hardening

254
Q

-scope

A

instrument to visually examine

255
Q

bi-

A

two

256
Q

macro-

A

large

257
Q

acoustic

A

pertaining to hearing

258
Q

auditory

A

pertaining to hearing

259
Q

aural

A

pertaining to the ear

260
Q

auricular

A

pertaining to the ear

261
Q

binaural

A

pertaining to both ears

262
Q

cochlear

A

pertaining to cochlea

263
Q

monaural

A

pertaining to one ear

264
Q

otic

A

pertaining to the ear

265
Q

tympanic

A

pertaining to tympanic membrane

266
Q

vestibular

A

pertaining to vestibule

267
Q

otorhinolaryngology

A

branch of medicine involving the diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of the ear, nose, and throat

268
Q

macrotia

A

condition of having abnormally large ears

269
Q

microtia

A

condition of having abnormally small ears

270
Q

otalgia

A

ear pain

271
Q

otopyorrhea

A

discharge of pus from the ear

272
Q

otorrhagia

A

bleeding from the ear

273
Q

presbycusis

A

normal loss of hearing that can accompany aging process

274
Q

tympanorrhexis

A

rupture of the tumpanic membrane

275
Q

anacusis

A

total absence of hearing

276
Q

ceruminosis

A

excessive accumulation of earwax resulting in hard wax plug

277
Q

otomycosis

A

fungal infection of the ear

278
Q

myringitis

A

inflammation of the tympanic membrane

279
Q

otosclerosis

A

loss of mobility of the stapes bone, leading to progressive hearing loss

280
Q

salpingitis

A

inflammation of the auditory tube

281
Q

tympanitis

A

inflammation of the tympanic membrane

282
Q

acoustic neuroma

A

benign tumor of eighth cranial nerve sheath

283
Q

labyrinthitis

A

may affect both hearing and equilibrium portion of inner ear

284
Q

audiogram

A

graphic record that illustrates results of audiometry

285
Q

audiometer

A

instrument to measure hearing

286
Q

audiometry

A

test of hearing ability by determining lowest to highest intensity and frequencies a person can distinguish

287
Q

otoscope

A

instrument to view inside the ear canal

288
Q

otoscopy

A

examination of ear canal, eardrum, and outer ear using otoscope

289
Q

tympanogram

A

graphic record that illustrates results of tympanometry

290
Q

tympanometer

A

instrument used to measure the movement of the tympanic membrane

291
Q

tympanometry

A

measurement of the movement of the tympanic membrane

292
Q

labyrinthectomy

A

surgical removal of the labyrinth

293
Q

labyrinthotomy

A

to cut into the labyrinth

294
Q

myringectomy

A

surgical removal of the tympanic membrane

295
Q

myringoplasty

A

surgical repair of the tympanic membrane

296
Q

myringotomy

A

surgical puncture of the eardrum with removal of fluid and pus from middle ear to eliminate persistent ear infection and excessive pressure on the tympanic membrane

297
Q

otoplasty

A

surgical repair of the external ear

298
Q

salpingotomy

A

to cut into the auditory tube

299
Q

stapedectomy

A

removal of the stapes bone to treat otosclerosis

300
Q

tympanectomy

A

surgical removal of the tympanic membrane

301
Q

tympanoplasty

A

surgical repair of the tympanic membrane

302
Q

tympanotomy

A

to cut into the tympanic membrane

303
Q

antiemetic

A

effective in treating nausea associated with vertigo

Medical Terminology (3 decks)

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